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THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE.

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Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009

https://archive.org/details/medicalstlukeOOhoba

Sea erN UNIVERSITY PRESS, SERIES.

CEE

MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE:

A Proot from Auternal Chidence

THAT

fies GOSPEL ACCORDING TO ST. LUKE”

AND

te eachs OF THE APOSTLES -

WERE WRITTEN BY THE SAME PERSON, AND THAT THE WRITER WAS A MEDICAL MAN.

BY THE REV. WILLIAM KIRK HOBART, LL.D.,

EX-SCHOLAR, TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN.

DUBLIN: HODGES, FIGGIS, & CO., GRAFTON-STREET. LONDON: LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO., PATERNOSTER-ROW. 1882.

DUBLIN : PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS,

BY PONSONBY AND WELDRICK.

TO THE

RIGHT REV. WILLIAM ALEXANDER, D.D., D.C.L., LORD BISHOP OF DERRY AND RAPHOE, Dhis dork

Rew Seb CDR Ur Ly TN Sie Ro BIE D

BY

THE AUTHOR.

2PU0310

PREFACE.

HE words and phrases cited in this work are either peculiar to the third Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles, or else, though not peculiar to them, are for the most part more frequently employed in these writings than in those of the other N. T. authors.

The extant Greek medical writers from whom the examples of the medical use of such words are taken are Hippocrates, B.c. 460-357; Aretaeus, who lived in the first century after Christ, probably in the reign of Nero or Vespasian; Galen, a.p. 130-200; and Dioscorides, who lived in the first or second century of the Christian era.

The edition of these writers quoted is that of Kiihn (Leipsie 1821-80). Hippocrates is quoted by the Sections of Foésius; Aretaeus, by those of the Ed. Oxon., both of which are given in Kiihn;

Dioscorides, by the usual division of chapters.

viil PREFACE.

Galen’s works are so extensive, occupying twenty- one volumes in Kiihn’s edition, that they have been quoted by the volume and page (appended in brackets), as well as by the titles and sections of the several treatises.

In order to bring the work within reasonable bounds, it was found necessary that the number of examples of the medical use of a word should not, in any case, exceed ten; in many instances they could be cited indefinitely. The few cases in which they are not of very frequent use in the medical authors have been noticed under the words, and the examples have, generally speak- ing, been taken, as far as possible, from all the medical authors, to show the continuous and varied use of the words in medical language. An asterisk has been prefixed to those words which are peculiar to the third Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles, and also to a few words, which, though not peculiar to these writings, are used in them alone of the New Testament in a medical sense.

A Note has been appended, at the end of the book, which, though not strictly connected with the subject of the work, has reference to a question which is of some interest in connexion

with St. Luke in his medical capacity.

PREFACE. ix

The author here desires to express the obliga- tion he is under to the Provost and Senior Fellows of Trinity College, Dublin, for their favour and liberality in having admitted this book into the Dublin University Press Series, and in having given a donation towards defraying the expenses of publication. He also desires to return his thanks to the Rev. Henry Wall Pereira, M.A., M, R.J.A., of Sutton Wick, Berkshire, and Wiliam Millar, Esq., Ahoghill, Co. Antrim, for their valuable assistance and suggestions in the correction of the work as it passed through the

press.

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CON TEN Ts:

Aw asterisk has been prefixed to those words which are peculiar to the third Gospel and

the Acts of the Apostles.

It has also been prefixed to some words which, though not

peculiar to these writings, are used in them alone of the N. T. in a medical sense.

SECTION

ie Le

TET:

Ihe

v.

VI.

Pack. Dd,

Luke, iv. 23.—’latpé, Oeparevoov ceavtov’ Luke, iv. 35.—Healing of the demoniac in the synagogue of Capernaum, *HUrrewv. BAdrrew. Luke, iv. 38, 39, 40.—Healing of Simon’s witfe’s mother, and of divers diseases, *rupeTos peyas. ovvexer Oar. Luke, v. 12, and xvii. 12.—The cleansing of the leper, and the cleansing of the ten lepers, *rAnpns Aémpas. Aer pos. Luke, v. 18.—The healing of the paralytic,

*rapadehupevos.

Luke, vi. 6.—The healing of the withered hand, * Oekua XElp.

PAGE

xii

SECTION

WAL

VILL.

1B.G

is

xd:

>».GUL, XIII.

AY.

VE

CONTENTS.

Luke, vi. 18, and Acts, v. 16.—‘‘ They that were vexed with unclean spirits,” *évoxAcio Ban. *6yActo Oar. Luke, vi. 19.—‘‘ There went virtue out of him, and healed them all,” . iao Oat. owe.

dvacwlev.

Luke, vii. 10.—The healing of the centurion’s servant,

e / VYLALVELV.

Luke. vii. 15.—The raising of the widow’s son,

*avakabilew.

Luke, vii. 21.—‘‘In that same hour he cured many of their infirmities and plagues, and of evil spirits,”

Luke, viii. 27.—The demoniac of Gadara,

Luke, viii. 48, 44.—The woman with an issue of blood,

*ioTaval. Lael iL yy pvous aiparos.

/ *r poo avadrto Key.

Nore on the raising of Jairus’s daughter.

Luke, ix. 11.—‘‘ And healed them that had need of healing,”

Ocparreia.

Luke, xi. 88, 89.—The healing of a demoniac child, . *acpos. aTOXwpEV. *erri3rerev,

fon / efaipvys.

PAGE

10

11

13

14

16

17

CONTENTS. xiii

SECTION PAGE XVI. Luke, xii. 11.—The woman with a spirit of in- firmity, ; , : : 20 Ke eer QVQKUTTTELV. *arrodvewv. *avopOovrv.

XVII. Luke, xiii. 32.—‘‘ Behold, I cast out devils, and I do cures,” . ; E : , ; : Hs; *lacis.

amroTeAetv.

XVIII. Luke, xiv. 2.—The healing of the man with a dropsy, : : : : 24

*)Opwrrlkos.

XIX. Luke, xvii. 40.—The healing of the blind man near Jericho, ; : : ; : é 25 *rpoodyew.

XX. Luke, xxi. 50.—The healing of Malchus’s ear, . 26

XXI. Luke, x. 30.—Parable of the good Samaritan, . 26

* plays. *KaTAOEELV. *rpavua. % 2 ie eTLXEELY. *é€Navov Kal OLvos.

*eriedetor Oar.

*éravepxer Oar. *avrumapepxer Oar. *kaTa cvyKupiav.

4 TEPlLTLTTELV.

XXII. Luke, xvi. 19.—Parable of the rich man and Lazarus, . : : : ; 5 : 31 *pAKWLEVOS. éAKos. *xaTayvyetv. *6duvac Gat. *\ doo.

tg oTnptceuv.

X1V

SECTION

XXITT.

TXGXGDY;:

XXV.

XXX.

XXXII.

XXXIT.

CONTENTS.

PAGE Acts, iii. 7, 8.—The healing of the lame man at the beautiful gate of the temple, . : : 34 *Bacus. *opupa. *orepeovr. *éEahreo Oar. Acts, v.5, 6.—Ananias and Sapphira struck dead, 37 *exWvyelv. ovotéAAew. Acts, ix. 18.—St. Paul’s sight restored, . : 38 *a7romlmrrelv. *)Nerrides. Févir ve. Acts, ix. 33.—Aeneas healed, . : : : 40 *rapadeAvpevos. Acts, ix. 40.—Tabitha restored to life, . : 40 *dvaxabilew. Acts, x. 10.—St. Peter’s trance, ; : 41 *exoTacts. Acts, xii. 23.—Death of Herod Aggrippal., . 42 *oKwAnKoPpwrtos. *exwvyeuv. Acts, xiii. 11.—Elymas struck blind, : : 43 * ecrurlmrewv. *aydus. *oKOTOS.

Acts, xiv. 8.—The healing of the lame man at

Lystra, : : : : : : : 45 *Gduvaros. *6p 00s. Acts, xix. 12.—Diseases cured at Ephesus, . 47

*G7raANAooel.

CONTENTS.

SECTION XXXII. Acts, xx. 8, 9.—Eutychus restored to life,

*kaTapepeuv.

*Uavos Baus. XXXIV. Acts, xxviii. 3-6.—The viper on St. Paul’s hand innocuous, *riumpacOar. *KaTaTinTel, *@yplov = €x.dva, XXXY. Acts, xxviii. 8.—The father of Publius healed, *rupeTol. *OucevTepta.

*orvvexer Oar.

Beck ea tle ly,

XXXVI. Luke, vi. 48, 49—Compared with Matt. Vili 2h. *rA\npptpa. *rpoopyyvupe. *oupmrlrrel. *pnypa. XXXVII. Luke, viii. 6, 7—Compared with Matt. xiii. d, 6, 7, and Mark, iv. 5, 6, 7, *hveuv. *ikWds. *ocuppver Oar. XXXVIII. Luke, xviii. 25—Compared with Matt. xix. 24, and Mark, x. 25, “r pnp. *BeXovn. XXXIX. Luke, xi. 46—Compared with Matt. xxiii. 4,

*rpoowave €vi TOV OaKTVAwV.

XV

PAGE

47

(3) bo

60

61

Xvi

SECTION

XL.

XLI.

XLII.

XLII.

XLIV.

XLV.

x Va.

XLWIs.

XLVIII.

XLIX.

CONTENTS.

Luke, iv. 37—Compared with Mark, i. 28, #7 XOS. St. Luke’s use of axon, Bacavilerv, and Bacavos. Luke, viii. 14—Compared with Matt. xiii. 22, and Mark, iv. 19, *reNeo popetv. Luke, 11. 20—Compared with Matt. xiv. 3, and Mark, vi. 17, . *KOTOKAELELV. Luke, v. 31—Compared with Matt. ix. 12, and Mark, u. 17, . *byatvewv. Luke, ix. 38—Compared with Matt. xvu, 15, and Mark, ix. 17,. *ériBdeérewv. Luke, ix. 41—Compared with Matt. xvu. L7, and Mark ix 19; *rpooayeuv. Luke, ix. 14—Compared with Matt. xiv. 19 ;

Mark, vi. 39; John, vi. 10,

A *KOTOAKALELW.

Luke, vii. 45—Compared with Mark, v. 31,

¥*aro0AtBeu.

Luke, v. 26—Compared with Matt. ix. 8, and Mark, un. 12, .

*rapdadogov.

Luke, xi. 17—Compared with Matt. xu. 25, *Svavonpara.

Luke, xix. 836—Compared with Matt. xxi. 8,

and Mark, xi. 8,

*hrOrTPwOVVUL.

PAGE

63

65

66

67

67

68

68

—

SECTION

LI. Luke, xiv. 35—Compared with Matt. v. 13,

LII. Luke, xxi. 30—Compared with Matt. xxiv. 32, and Mark, xiii. 28,

LI. Luke, xxii. 56—Compared with Mark, xiv. 66, 67,

LIV. Luke, xxii. 59—Compared with Matt. xxvi. 73, and Mark, xiv. 70,

LY. Luke, vi. 44—-Compared with Matt. vii. 16,

LVI. Luke, xxi. 41-46—Compared with Matt. xxvi. 37-46, and Mark, xiy. 33,

LVI. Luke, i,

CONTENTS.

evberos.

¥rpoBddrew.

> , arevilewy.

*Suicxupilec Oar.

*Baros.

*eviryveuv.

*aywvia.

*[dpas.

*OpouBor aiparos, katafsaiveuv. Avrn.

*eruXelpetv. *Supynors. *aironrys. DmNpEeTys. mapaKkoAovetv. *Ouuav. *ovddapBavev. *ovddapBavew ev yaorpt. €v yaotpt exe. *eyKvOS. *oreipa. *GTEKVOS. *vaTapaooenv.

b

76

ou

78

ug

86

XVili CONTENTS.

SECTION

LVII. Luke, i.—continued. *exTapaooely. TAPAXOS. *yipas. *avapwvetv. *arivaKlOLov.

Tapaxpy.a. Vill, Luke,u., .

*orapyavovr. *dvevplio Kew. *eOiLeuw.

€Oos.

ew (elwha).

LIX. Luke, ii., : ‘ : aes. *S rao elelv. * / KOTACELELV. avaceletv.

/ mpooTibeva.

fixes, elke av.) “2 , aVATTVTCELV. *rTvooev. , miparAnpe. . Le eurriprA nt. mAnOos. *6dpus. Ts: luke, y:, « ; *amromAvvelv. Read GTOMATO ELV. EKUATO ELV. Nove. dzroAovetv. xaXav. Suappyyvupe. %, 2 ¢@ 7 TEPLPpHYVULLL- *mrpoopryyvupe.

99

101

106

110

SECTION

CONTENTS.

LXI. Luke, v.—continued.

LXII. Luke, vi.,

LXIII. Luke, vii.,

LXIYV. Luke, viii.,

LXV. Luke, ix., .

LXVI. Luke, x.,

*#S a broxwpelv. 2 . ex wpetv. aTroXwpetv. *«\evidvov. *«Nuvaptov. kXivy.

KpaBBaros.

*8vavuKTEpevev. *amauretv. *GmreXrilew.

*relew.

*SvaNelrewv.

*éxNelmreuv.

¥ouumAnpovr. *xmAnpovr. *éxAjpwots. *arhipys.

*avadnis. avadap Pave.

*iroAap Pavey.

*ovdAap Pave.

¥*ovdAopBavew ev yaorpt. ¥*ovutrepiAap Paver.

*Sraxwpileuv.

amoxwpileuv.

Kod\AGobar. *rpookoAAGo Oar. TEpuTimrev.

eumimrr ew.

be

X1x

PAGE

117

124

128

XX CONTENTS.

SECTION

LXVI. Luke, x.—continued.

extimrelv. *erumlmrelv. % 4 KATOTUTTELV. * , OUpTiTrel. 3 r amomimrrety.

Wi iret. OVTLTLITTELV.

LXVII. Luke, xi., : : PET OVUKTLOV. “peo Bpia. *Eomepa. opOpos. *OpOpuos. *xabnweptvos. oKopTios. *Oov.

. ; *ra evovTa.

TXT. Tulke; xu. *euBadrev. *ava/sadAeuv. *avruBadAeuv. *Ova Barre. *neTa Padre. *rpoBadXeuv. *ovupPadrev. *hroBadXew. *avafsoAn. *exBoAn. *BoXy. *edpopetv. *reNherpopeiv. *uerewpiler Oar.

LXIX. uke, ial... : : * darokN elev.

“ / * KOTOKAELELV.

PAGE

131

137

145

CONTENTS. xxi

SECTION PAGE Eax. Luke, xiv., .. : : ; : ; oy 146

avarepov.

x3 s

GVOTEPLKOS.

*rpocavaaivery.

Ve

kataPaivery.

*xataBacts.

x3 7

avarnpos.

*Cedyos.

LXXI. Luke, xv. . , ; : : - £50 *Spaxn.

HA pva.

LXXITI. Luke, xvi. and xvii., : , . oy pe! *\vowreN et. * CUKGLLVOS. *ouKopopea. “TrapaTynpyacs. TapaTyperv. *Svarnpetv. THPNCLS. *Cwoyovetv.

LXXIJII. Luke, xviii. and xix., . ; 4 2 . 156

brodéxer Oar.

*B.adéxer Pau.

*Ouddoxos.

*Soxn.

*evdéxer Oar.

*rpaypatever bar.

*Svatpaypatever Oar,

*exxpewac ban.

LXXIV. Luke, xx. and xxi., ; ye

*poByrpa. te , “poo boKia..

poo oKav. * Garopia.

aTropetv.

XXli CONTENTS.

SECTION PAGE

LXXIV. Luke, xx. and xxi.—continued. *etmopia.

*evaropeto bau. *Qvamopetv.

* amrowvxeuv. *avavéss. *expvxew. *kaTavyev. = xpau@aAy.

*Bapvveuv.

LXXYV. Luke, xxii, . ; : R : : . 468 aTrooTav. £3 a aVATTEAV. diaorav. *TEepuomrav. *Suioravac.

*BidoTypa.

LXXVI. Luke, xxiii., . : ; ‘ é . eZ

diactpeperv. *erurtpopy. *ovotpepev. *ovotpopy. brooTpEepery. *éruryxveuv. *evurxvev. ioxveuv. *bypos. *ouvakodovbety. TrapaKoAovbetv. *Qewpia. LXXVII. Luke, xxiv., . ; ; : . an *)\npos. *OutAecv. *rapaBvacer bar. Bicker ban.

* Biatos.

CONTENTS. XXiii

SECTION PAGE LXXVII. Luke, xxiv.—continued.

® Bia.

*GOpotlev.

*evvabpoilev.

*ouvadilev.

%> ,

orros.

*«nptov.

beeevill. “Acts, i, . : : : : . 188 *TeKunplov. *rrepynevelv. =arpnvys. *Sarep@ov.

Pex: Acts, i., . : ; ; 7 186 *Ovyxeewv. *ovyxvats. * @ruxeelv. * ervOnpelv. *yNevKOS. *avornpos. *uertovo bar. *rpoomyyvup.l.

MMC Gi Jo. Ge tlt tC

x D * cuvTpexel. = ovvdpoun. se 4 *SroTpexel. *KaTaTpeXELV. *OXoKAnpia.

* TrOKATACTACLS.

LXXXI. - Acts, iv., . ; ; ; 3 £95

*S.amrovetv. KQTOTrOVELV.

BA ,

*Suaveeuv.

*kaoXov.

* evdens.

*rpoodetabar,

XXiy CONTENTS.

SECTION

LXXXII. Acts, v., :

aopaNeva.

aoparys.

acpadds. *eriopadns. *Sraxerpileo Oar. *rpoxeipiler Oar. * @mreXelpetv. *Svampiewv.

*Svadvewv.

* d@aroAvewv.

LXXXIIT. Acts, vi. and vii.,

* OvyKuvely.

KO.KOUV. *ouveAavvetv. *qmeNauvecv. *avatpeperv. * Bptxewv.

*eEwbetv.

*a«Anpotpaxyros.

LXXXIYV. Acts, viii.,

*dvatpects. avatpety. *Svacmeipewv. *Nvpatver Oar. Katépxer Bau. dvepxer au. *SreLépyxer Oa.

*eravépxer Oar.

Ke , avTuTapepxer Gan .

*& oe , TpOUTapyYev.

brdpXelv. LXXXY. Acts, ix. andx., .

meipac ba. * Odouropelv. *Srodeveuv,

PAGE

199

204

209

215

CONTENTS. XXV

SECTION PAGE LXXXY. Acts, ix. and x.—continued. e357 épx. *60ovn. *eioxadetv.

*weTaKadely.

TREX VI. Acts, xi. and xi., . : : : . 220 novy ater. diarpiBeuv.

=r OKTOS.

LXXXVII. Acts, xiii., : ; : : . 228 *ouvtpodpos. *ovyyeveia. *harnperetv. banperys. *TapoTpuvewv. * ereyetpeuv.

*rpotpémer Oa.

VIII. Acts, xiv. and xv., . , 227 *exmnoav. *eégdANeo Oar. *Cyrypa. *exdunyeta Oa.

LXX

*Sunyyots. *6yNeiv. *evoxAetv. *rapevoxAetv. *OxXov rovetv. *arep oxAov. *GvacKkevacetv. ys. /

* amrooKeuacetv. Tapogva 110s.

trapostver Gan.

LXXXIX. Acts, xvi. and xvi., . : ; : . 234 * éraxpoacbar.

%2 s EKTEMTELV.

XXVi CONTENTS.

SECTION PAGE

LXXXIX. Acts, xvi. and xvii.—continued.

ava eure. *arvon. % > 4 emrveety, He a bmrepopav. « / opie.

XC. Acts, xviii., ‘ : : : . 238

Tporparus.

* e , OMOTEXVOS. EKTLVAO CEL.

x9 , aToTWacoeELV.

Era) ,

“ €MLVEVELV.

*edrovus.

MCh” Acts xix = ; : ; ; . 949 *ypus. epyacia.

*ovvapmacew.

MOIS Acts, scx, : : : , . 244

*ovverer Oa.

s 4 Trapareivew.

& > ,

*adyy. brooreAXetv.

*xaTaoTeAAew.

*ovoTeAAewv.

XCIII. Acts, xxi. and xxi, . 3 . 248

=ovvOpvrreyv.

*Gon|Los.

*axpiBea.

*axpuBys.

axpiBas.

*rypwpetv.

*ouvetvar.

* oummapelvar.

our.

* waoricev.

CONTENTS. XXVli

SECTION PAGE moUy. Acts, xxiii., . ; : : ; ; . 255

*Svapaxer Oar.

*SraywwoKeww.

*S.dyvwots.

Tpoylwvackev.

Tpoyvwcts.

*evedpa.

* évedpeveuv.

*Gvaoloovat.

ACY. ‘Acts, xxiv., . : ; : : ; ~ 261 oa / *xaropOwj.a. *avopOovv. *6p00s. * , TVVTOMLWS. *GoKelv.

» aveols.

XCVI. Acts, xxv. and xxvi, . : ; . 264

* dhavtacia.

aXoyos. *kata Adyov. * @rixoupia.. *uavia. * /

TEPLTPETELV.

+ / TPOTPETELV.

MCVIL. ~ Acts, xxvi., . ' ; - 269 * errypedeva.. * eripeAas.

* eriypeNeto Oa. *éuBiBalerv. *crapa.vetv. *avev0eros. evetos. Bonbe.a. = Srolwvvupe. *yeypaler Ga.

*o¢dXos.

XXvili CONTENTS.

SECTION PAGE XCVII. Acts, xxvii.—continued *aouria. = aouTos. *outiov. *SuareNelv. *exreAetv. amroreNetv. *oKapy. *evOvpos. *evOvpus. evOupety. * épeideuv. * @aropplmrreuv. * birrew. *Siapevyeuv. *xkod\vp Pav.

*xougiceuv.

XCVIII. Acts, xxvui., . : : . 284

dvacwleuv. owe. ocwrnpia. * bpvyavov. *Oéppn. *xaOamrrewv. *aroTos.

*eryiver Oar.

“Ss 4 *GkKWAUTWS.

Nore on the probability of St. Paul’s employment of St. Luke’s professional services, . aoe

INDEX; : : ; : : ; J ‘ . 299

ERRATA.

Page 14, line 23, for Actius xead Aetius. » 204, ,, 14 from foot, for umep vead vrép.

INTRODUCTION.

HE purpose of this work is to show, from an examina- tion of the language employed in the third Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles, that both are the works of a person well acquainted with the language of the Greek Medical Schools—a fact which, if established, will strongly confirm the belief that the writer of both was the same person, and was the person to whom they have been tradi- tionally assigned by the Church (a), who is mentioned by St. Paul (Coloss. iv. 14) as “Luke, the beloved Physician” — an identity which some have doubted or denied.

The subject is one which has not hitherto, so far as the author is aware, been specially examined. The only notice of it with which he is acquainted is a paper in the Gentleman’s Magazine for June, 1841, in which, among other interesting

(2) It is apparently assumed throughout this work that St. Luke was the writer of both the third Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles, but this has been done merely for convenience of reference, and to avoid the constant repetition of the expressions ‘‘the writer of the third Gospel’’ and ‘‘the writer of the Acts of the Apostles.’’ The fact of the identity of authorship is intended to be left to be inferred from the evidence adduced in the work in connexion with the writer’s phraseology and style.

XxX INTRODUCTION.

remarks on the medical style of St. Luke, attention is called to the following words, viz., wdpwrde, mapadeAvpévoc, ayXtc, mapobvopdc, KparTaAn, wupeTog péyac, and ouveyxo- jusvoc, aS being technical medical terms employed by him. It will be seen, from the investigation which is the object of the present work, that these form but a small portion of such words, either peculiar to St. Luke, or which, though not peculiar, are yet for the most part more frequently employed by

him than by the other New Testament writers.

The subject seemed to divide itself naturally into two heads, under which it has therefore been arranged :—

(1). Words and phrases, employed in the account of the miracles of healing, or of those of an opposite character, which show that the writer was more circumstantial in relating these than the other Evangelists, that he was also well acquainted with the diseases which he describes, and that in describing them he employs language such as scarcely anyone but a medical man would have used, and which exhibits a knowledge of the technical medical language which we meet with in the extant Greek medical writers.

(2). Words and phrases, employed in the general narra- tive not relating to medical subjects, which were common in the phraseology of the Greek Medical Schools, and which a physician from his medical training and habits would be likely to employ.

It may be noticed in connexion with this latter head that Greek medical language was particularly conservative in its character, the same class of words being employed in it from the time of Hippocrates to that of Galen.

INTRODUCTION. XXX1

It is remarkable, besides, that, with the exception of Hippocrates, all the extant Greek medical writers were Asiatic Greeks. Galen was a native of Pergamus in Mysia ; Dioscorides, of Anazarba in Cilicia; Aretaeus was surnamed the Cappadocian from his native land; and Hippocrates, though not an Asiatic Greek, yet was born and lived in close proximity to the coast of Asia Minor, being a native of Cos, an island off the coast of Caria. Hence it is natural that a similarity of diction should occur in writers who were trained in the Medical Schools of Asia Minor.

St. Luke, too, was in all probability an Asiatic Greek. He was born at Antioch in Syria (Husebius, Hist. Eccl. iii. 4), and “was probably of Gentile origin, if we may judge from Coloss. iv. 11, 14, where St. Paul, having saluted several persons—Aristarchus, Marcus, Jesus Justus—adds that they were of the circumcision, separating them in this manner from those mentioned immediately afterwards, among whom is Luke, and, as his name is a Greek one, he was in all pro- bability a Greek.” (Davidson: Introduction to the New Testament.)

It will be found in the second part of this work that, in- dependently of such obvious medical phrases as roijua SeAdvne (Luke, xvii. 25), daxréAw mpooatev (Luke, xi. 46), Opdusor aipatoc (Luke, xxii. 44), apxai d0dvne (Acts, x. 11), &., there is a class of words running through the third Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles, and for the most part peculiar to these of the N. T. writings, with which a medical man must have been very familiar, as they formed part of the ordinary phraseology of Greek medical language. In thus

XXXII INTRODUCTION.

using words to which he had become habituated through professional training, St. Luke would not be singular, for the Greek medical writers, also, when dealing with unpro- fessional subjects, show a leaning to the use of words to which they were accustomed in their professional language. A few instances of this, paralleled from St. Luke, may be given for the sake of illustration :—*aonpoe, the technical term for a disease “without distinctive symptoms,” is applied by Hippo- crates to a city—pia roAewv ovK adonuog (Hipp. Epis. 1273), just as itis by St. Luke (Acts, xxi. 39), ov« aohuov mo\Ewe ToAitncg. *avadAnyie, the technical term for “recovery from illness,” or “the suspension of the arm, &c., in a sling,” occurs in the expression rij¢ padov 7 avaAntic in Hippo- crates, Hpis. 1274, St. Luke’s use of it, in Luke, ix. 51, Tig avaAnWewe avrov, being similar. * avadiddévar, a word applied to the distribution of nourishment throughout the body, or blood through the veins, is used by Hippocrates, instead of duddvae or amoduddva, of a messenger delivering a letter, of riv tne méALog émiotoAjy avaddvreg Toes Bete (Hipp. Epis. 1275), St. Luke employing it in the same way in Acts, xxill. 33, avaddvrTeg Thy émtoTroAjy TH HyEUovL. * émtxempelvy, a word very much used in medical language, is employed by Hippocrates and Galen in the same way as it is by St. Luke in commencing his gospel—St. Luke, i. 1, érelonmep moAXol éerexeipnoay avaratacAa, Hippocrates beginning his treatise “ De Prisca Medicina” in these words: dxdéoor érexelonoav rept inrpikne Aéyerv 7 ypapev; and Galen his “ De Foetuum Formatione” thus: zept rijc TOV KvoUpévwy SiTrAAGEWS éTEXE(pHoaY pev TE Kal piidcopor

yeapav. Galen often employs wapaxoAovOeiv exactly in

INTRODUCTION. XXX

the sense St. Luke does (ch. i. 3), while applying it else- where in a more strictly medical sense to the symptoms which accompany various diseases. In a similar way we find St. Luke using words in an ordinary sense in some places which he employs in a medical signification in others, e.g. advvaroc, Luke, xviii. 27, meaning “impossible,” in Acts, xiv. 8, “impotent”; Qeoameta, Luke, xii. 42, “a house- hold,” Luke, ix. 11, “medical treatment”; iorava, used in its ordinary sense elsewhere, and in Luke, viii. 44, in a medical application, orn 1) ptote tov aiuatoc; Exoraoctre, Acts, iii. 10, “astonishment,” and Acts, x. 10, ‘a trance.” .

Instances such as the foregoing could easily be multiplied.

This medical bias in the diction of the general narrative in the third Gospel and Acts of the Apostles may be con- veniently classified as follows :—

(a). We find running throughout the history a number of words which were either distinctly technical medical terms or commonly employed in medical language, e.g. * lace, Oeparreia, * cvvdpouh, * cvorpop, * avaAn ic, * atoKaracracte, * Suayvwoie, * dtaywwwoxetv, * koarTaAn, * tapathonae, &e.

(6). It will be found that St. Luke runs on the same compounds of the simple word which the medical writers employ, and that these are either for the most part peculiar to him, or that he makes more frequent use of them than the other N. T’.. writers, e.g. * duacelev, * katracetev, avaceleev— meouminrev, euminrev, exwimrev, *emiminrev, * Kkataimrey, * cuuminre, * avorinrewv—* tufsadAaXv, * avaBadAuv, * avte BadrrAav, * daBadrAav, * perafsadrrew, * tpoBadrrAav, * oup- Badr, *troBadAav, * BoA, * avafsorn, *2kBorAf—atoaray,

c

XXXIV INTRODUCTION.

*avacrdv, cuca, *mepiomdv — dtactpépev, * émioTpoph, * suatpipe, *ovcrooph, vmoorpépev—* dxAelv, * évoxActv, * rapsvoxAciv, * dxAov Toetv—kKe., Ke.

(c). There are certain classes of words employed by St. Luke which were used in medical language in some special relation. Thus he alone uses the special medical terms for the distribution of nourishment, blood, nerves, &e., through the body, viz., * duavéuev, * diario, * ava- cvodvat; also the medical terms for “to stimulate,” viz., *tweyelpev, *mpotpémev, *maporpvvav; and the terms to denote an intermittent or a failing pulse, viz., * dvaAcirev and * ékAstrav; &e.

(d). We meet with the same combinations of words as in the medical writers. In addition, for example, to such tech- nical phrases as rpiua BeAdvng— CaxtbrAw mpoopavev — OpouBor aiparoc—apxai o0d6vnc, we find such expressions as dolrog ciaTeAciv—eic paviay mepitpémev—akpiBwe ciaywwo- Kev — avwrepov ToeocavaPaivery — émxeoety avedciv, Ke., which are met with also in medical language.

(e). There are some words which are confined to St. Luke and the medical writers in the sense which they bear in his writings, ¢. g. *évoyvev, “to impart physical strength” — *<tpoperv, “to be productive.”

(f). There are other words which are very rarely used by any except medical writers in the sense which they bear in St. Luke’s writings, e.g. *avaxabiZev, “to sit up” —*exypobyev, “to expire.”

(7). The medical style of St. Luke accounts for the very frequent use made by him of some words—a peculiarity which has been noticed by Dr. Davidson (Introduction to

INTRODUCTION. XXXV

the N. T.) and others—e.g. mooorPivar, troorpipev, ody, SéoyecOa, &e., these words being habitually employed, and indeed almost indispensable, in the vocabulary of a phy- sician.

(h). This medical tinge in St. Luke’s diction will account for his making freer use than the other N. T. writers of compound verbs, and also of those compounded with two prepositions—e. gy. *éravépyeoOa, * dueEgoyecba, &e., such compounds being much employed by the medical writers.

There are in St. Luke’s writings several other indications of the author being a medical man, which cannot strictly be classed under any of the above heads. Such are the marking of time by the words dpOpoc, * peonuPpia, * Eorrépa, precovdK- tiov; the variety of words employed to describe the beds and stretchers for the sick—kAivn, * kAwdpiov, * cAwidior, Kpap3- Baroc ; the use of *deaypr) and *nva, the common terms for medical weights, to denote money; &c.

The argument from the language of the third Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles may be briefly stated as follows :—

We have in the account of the miracles of healing, or their opposites, in the third Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles, medical language employed.

In the general narrative, outside of medical subjects, we find, wherever we have an opportunity of comparing it with the other N. T. writers, that St. Luke strongly inclines to the use of medical language.

Even where in the general narrative a comparison cannot be instituted with other N. T. writers, we find words occur-

XXXV1 INTRODUCTION.

ring uniformly throughout which were in use in medical phraseology, and which from habit and training a physician would be likely to employ.

In estimating the weight of the argument it should be remembered that the evidence is cumulative, and that the words adduced as examples are very numerous, considering the extent of St. Luke’s writings.

It may be added that the prevailing tinge of medical diction in the third Gospel and in the Acts of the Apostles tends also to establish the integrity of these writings as we have them, inasmuch as the phraseology in question per- meates the entire works, and shows the hand of a medical author continuously from the first verse of the Gospel to the last of the Acts of the Apostles.

THE

MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE.

Pane

MEDICAL LANGUAGE EMPLOYED IN THE ACCOUNT OF THE MIRACLES OF HEALING.

Si.

Luxe, tv. 23: And he said unto them, Ye will surely say unto me this proverb, Physician, heal thyself (lar, Oepamevoov

oEauTOY).

Here, at the commencement of the Gospel, there is a slight intimation of the professional character of the writer. St. Luke is the only one of the Evangelists who records this saying of our Lord. No doubt it came home with peculiar force to the medical Evangelist: besides, there would seem to have been somewhat similar sayings used in the profession to which he belonged. Galen speaks of a physician who should have cured himself before he attempted to attend patients, Comm. iv. 9, Epid. vi. (xvi. B. 151): é&eoov & iarpov emt Tig nuetéoac Aciac vida duowdeg ExovTa Tac padac we Ola TOUTO pr PépeLv avTOV Tiv Elcodoy avOowToY vodoUYTAa pndéva kabapiov. zxpijv ovv avtov EavtTov moewrov iacBa ro obuTTWLA Kal OUTWE émLxELpELY ETEpOVG DepaTEedeV.

B

2 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

Sail

*pirrav. [AamrELv.

Healing of the demoniac in the synagogue of Capernaum.— Luke, iv. 35: And Jesus rebuked him, saying, Hold thy peace, and come out of him. And when the devil had thrown him in the midst (pibav), he came out of him, and hurt him not (undiv BAadav avrov).

St. Luke here uses two medical words, pimrev and Bddz- vey: the former was used in medical language of convul- sive fits and similar affections; the latter to denote the injury done to the system by disease, &c. Besides using these appro- priate words, he alone records the fact that no permanent bodily injury was done to the man, and in doing this he writes quite in the manner and style of the medical authors.

* pire is used in connexion with disease in the N.T. by. St. Luke alone. Hippocrates, Hpid. 1160: cat adynddue peya- Ay elxeTo Kal Tac XEloac TOOGEpEDEY WE AYXOMEVOC Kal EopimTEL éwurov kal orracUeic EOavev. Hipp. Nat. Mul. 567: om d rig ddvung ov SvvaTat ovyaZev avAd pimre éwutnv. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 589: advée re cai pipe Ewurhv. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 590: kal mvevpa ToOoTTaloy Kal adver Kal plate Ewuthv. Aretaeus, Cur. Acut. Morb. 94 (Epilepsy): jv 2 cai omarae 7} dua- oTpépytat THy Karw yvabov 7 To yEelpe Kal TA OKéAEa piTTHTAL. Galen. De Comate, 3 (vii. 658): 7) cburay 7 cpa pizrovew ardywe, eaipyne re kal TapappovyTiKwc *&adXovrar oTaopov diknv. Hipp. Epid. 1133: ippurraZero kai te gorrato. Hipp. Morb. 487: Bod re cai avaiooa v70 tig GdbvHG Kal dKdrav avaoTn avOic omebost Ext THY KAlynY KaTaTeEcEiv Kal pimrace éwurdv. Hipp. Morb. 467: kai adver cai pirate avroc¢ Ewurov vo Tig bdvvng. Hipp. Morb. Acut. 893: dvopopinv TE Kal plTTAaoMOV TwY MEA~wWY TOLEEL.

BAadmrev, used only once elsewhere in N. T., St. Mark, xvi. 18, was in constant use in medical language as opposed to wpedctv—e. yg. Hipp. HEpid. 948: aoxeiv wept ra voohpara ovo wpedésey 7) ph BAawrav. Hipp. De Arte, 4: kat ro

§ ut.] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 3

wperetobar TorAr) avayKn adrove éoriy éyvwKévar 6 Te Iv Td Wperijoav, kal ct ter 20AGBnoav, kal TO BAaBiva, Kal 6 7 jv 70 PAadav. Ta yao TH WpedrKioAae Kal Ta THY BEBrAAPDat wWoloméva OU Tae ikavoc yvoval.

But, besides this, it was constantly used of particular cases, as in this passage of St. Luke, and in the same way, too, jomed with such words as pndév, péya, waddAov, ijooov.

Hipp. Epid. 1146: wapiAOe cat é¢ ra aguorepa 76 oldnua, ovoey ovy Touro E3Aamrev. Hipp. Hpid. 1180: a@ yu} peyada Bramre. Hipp. Morb. Acut. 392: ra xara kvorw iiooov Brave. Hipp. Morb. Acut. 394: otrw yao Kat a guidéee Bramrev, Heora av BAdmrox. Galen. Morb. Acut. Comm. ii. 2 (xv. 520): xnav yap apedhon pndiv, aN ov Brahe ye peyadwe. Galen. Morb. Acut. Comm. 1. 20 (xv. 520): of vytalvovtec Arrov [3AdmTOVTaL, of vocovvTec AaTTOVTAL padrov. Galen. De Ven. Sect. 7 (xi. 174): wpéAnce piv ixavoc eBAaW~e 0 ovdév. Galen. Comp. Med. vi. 7 (xii. 983): ove: PAaPar péya OVS woedrjAjoar.

§ III. ovvéxeobat. *aruperoce péyac.

The healing of Simon’s wife’s mother.—Luke, iv. 38, 39: And Simon’s wife’s mother was taken (cuvvexonévn) with a great fever (ruper@ ueyadw); and they besought him for her. And he stood over her, and rebuked the fever; and it left her: and immediately she arose and ministered unto them.

ovvéxeoOa: is used nine times by St. Luke, and three times in the rest of the N.T. In Acts, xxviii. 8, it is joined with wvperoi, as here, and is once used in connexion with disease elsewhere—Matt. iv. 24. Both it and zyeoOa are used by the medical writers as in this passage. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 598: kai goikaot roicw bd tig hpakAEing vdcov oUVEXO- pévotoww. Hipp. Intern. Affect. 556: adAoe cideoe ikrepwone értAapPave padiora piv Oéocog Wpyv, TodAot ot Hon TH TowwvTw cuvecyéOncav. Galen. Mot. Muscul. i. 8 (iv. 404):

4 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

oveey av éxkwAve TaDhpare TH Kadovpévy TeTavyy avvéxecDat Td copa. Galen. San. Tuend. i. 5 (vi. 19): dmavrac tac ba’ aravetwyv voonudtwy ouvvéyeoQa. Galen. Different. Febr. i. 3 (vii. 279): émiapadéc O2 Kat Tole Ud POdne cvvexopévore. Galen. Comp. Med. vii. 12 (xiii. 1025): td rov wafoue ouvexousvoc. Galen. Nat. Facul. 1. 9 (i. 129): amratorw Ste cuveyducOa. Galen. Comm. vi. 1, Hpid. vi. (xvu. A. 314): dunyarvy re Sibi ovuvéyeoOa. Hipp. Aph. 1250: 7d Sucevteping éyouévy. Hipp. Intern. Affect. 553: wmo rite mAeupitioocg zxopévy.

*zuperoc péyac. Galen states that it was usual with the ancient physicians to distinguish fevers by the terms péyac and puxodc. Galen. Different. Febr. i. 1 (vil. 275): kat atvnfec dn Toicg iarpolc dvopdtey ev TobTw TH YyévEL TIC Stapopac Tov péyay Te Kal puxpov wuperdv. And accordingly we meet—Galen. Cur. per Ven. Sect. 6 (xi. 270): Kav pi péyac avrotc émitéoy wuperdc; and Aret. Cur. Acut. Morb. 104: obv révy TAEvpod emi cpp TUpETY 7 Kal AvEeV TUPETOV.

There is a detail mentioned by St. Luke, in connexion with this miracle, but omitted by St. Matthew and St. Mark —namely, the means adopted by our Lord to banish the fever—“and he rebuked the fever, and it left her,’ which would more naturally come from a medical writer than ano- ther. A physician would, as is usual with the medical writers, state the method of treatment which effected the cure; and that method, in this case, so entirely differing from all he had seen or practised, would impress itself forcibly on his mind.

The healing of divers diseases, mentioned immediately after this miracle-—Luke, iv. 40: Now when the sun was setting, all they that had any sick with divers diseases brought them unto him; and he laid his hands on every one of them, and healed them.

A similar observation may be made in this instance as in the preceding one. St. Luke alone tells the mode of cure,

§ rv.] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 5

which is not told in the parallel places, Matt. viii.; 16 Mark, i. 34; where the words are simply, “he healed all that were sick,” and “he healed many that were sick of divers dis- eases.” No doubt, what would be likely to strike a physician most would be the simplicity of our Lord’s treatment of disease, and that one and the same mode of treatment was effectual in the most varied and distinct forms of disease— acQevovvrac vdcole TorkiAare.

§ IV. *aX\nong Aérpac. Aempdc.

The cleansing of the leper.—Luke, v. 12: And it came to pass, when he was in a certain city, behold a man full of leprosy (avip wAnpne Aémroac), who seeing Jesus fell on his face, and besought him, saying, Lord, if thou wilt, thou canst make me clean.

The cleansing of the ten lepers.—Luke, xvii. 12: And as he entered into a certain village, there met him ten men that were /epers (déka AeTp0t avdpec), which stood afar off.

It would seem that St. Luke, by employing two distinct terms 7Ajone Aérpac and Aezpde in his account of these two miracles intended to draw a distinction between the diseases in each case, either that the disease was of a more aggravated type in one case than in the other, or else of a different variety. Now we know that leprosy, even as early as the time of Hippocrates, had assumed three different forms (aApdc, Aebkn, and péAac), “and it is probable that in the time of our Lord the disease, as it existed in Palestine, did not differ materially from the Hippocratic record of it.” (See Dict. of the Bible, Art., “ Leper.’’)

mAhone, in this connexion peculiar to St. Luke, is fre- quently thus used in the medical writers. Hipp. De Arte, 5: Kal wAnpece tie vdcov. Hipp. Coac. Progn. 187: rAfosee ovrot siot mbov. Hipp. Morb. 496: ddd ed ich mwAhon édvta Tov Odpnxa mvov. Hipp. Vet. Med. 11: ydoune re

6 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

kal vuoraypov Kat otnce wAfhpeac. Hipp. Morb. 487: odbun loxer atacav tHv Kepadijy padtora oe On orain H pActy- fracin Kal 7a ovata HYn¢ wAnoEa yiverat. Hipp. Intern. Affect. 541: ai 82 pAgBec avrat, aiuard¢ ciot wAhoesc. Are- taeus, Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 58: kdboriee mAhpsee vyoov. Galen. Loc. Affect. ii. 8 (vill. 91): émipéper trode wévoue orevoywolac wAfpeac. Galen. De Progn. ex Puls. i. 3 (ix. 229): i} druov 7 vypov wor wAfjoanc. Galen. Remed. Parab. ii. 3 (xiv. 407): Aon tov pirov.

See * tapaXtA\upévoc.

The healing of the paralytic—Luke, v. 18: And, behold, men brought in a bed a man which was taken with a palsy (d¢ iv tapaXedvpévoc).

Here, and whenever St. Luke mentions this disease, he employs the verb tapadvecOar, and never wapadurikdc. The other New Test. writers use the popular form zapadurikéc, and never use the verb, the apparent exception to this, Heb. xi. 12, being a quotation from the LXX., Isaiah, xxxv. 3. St. Luke’s use is in strict agreement with that of the medi- cal writers.

Hipp. Coac. Progn. 149: yA@ooav mwapaXzeAupévor. Do. 181: rapadbovra 76 Kata ToOvVTO 7) fép0E TOV Gwparoc. Hipp. Hpid. 990: deEujv yetoa mapeAbOy pera oracpov. Do. 1211: ) pwr Wedd? dua To TapadeAvpévov sivac TO cwpa. Aret. Cur. Acut. Morb. 98: wapeAtOn Kor? Kat katamoog. Dios- corides, Mat. Med. iii. 150: mivomévn Bonbet ioxradtcote Te kat mapaAeAupévorce. Do. v. 180: eit rev tHv yAWooay Tapa- AeAupévwv. Galen. Comm. iii. 37, Hpid. i. (xvii. A. 692) : kAvoly TE Kal TaDEOLY ATAaVTWY THY popiwy TOV GwWLATOE OTaV dpolwe Tole TapaAcAupévole Eopmméva palyyrat. Galen. De Atra Bile, vii. (v. 184): da 75 yotomov cig rhv TOV wapaAeduME- vwv taov. Galen. Loc. Affect. iv. 7 (viii. 259): alcOnote

amé\Aurat TOV TapadcAupEVvWY popiwy.

§ vu.] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 7

§ VI. » Se&la yxelo.

The healing of the withered hand.—Luke, vi. 6: And it came to pass also on another sabbath, that he entered into the synagogue and taught: and there was a man whose right hand (% xsio avrov 1) de&ea) was withered.

There is a mark of particularity here—“ right hand ”— such as a physician would observe. The other Hvangelists omit this. The medical writers invariably state whether it is the right or left member that is affected.

Hipp. Coac. Progn. 190: woviovrec vroxdvdpiov degiov. Hipp. Epid. 982: tjAye wAsupav apioteoav. Hipp. Kpid. 986: icxiov ddvvyn deEtov ioyvodc. Hipp. Hpid. 1012: ry vorEpain aoloTEepOv Tap ovG olonua. TH OF VaTéoy Kal Tapa deEidv. Hipp. Epid. 1012: 1 xzio 7) deb, oxéAog 02 aguote- pov trapeAvOn wapatAnyuoc. Hipp. Hpid. 1020: ovd? oeblov UToxYdvoploy, OVO ETWOUVOY KapTAa OVO éevTETAUEéEVOY ioXVOWS. Hipp. Epid. 1023: byxavowe agiorepov wAevpov. Hipp. Hpid. 1067: d¢0arpov ce&cov ddtvn. Hipp. Epid. 1120: mAsvpov ddvvn Kal orhOeoe apiotegov. Hipp. Hpid. 1133: aloe éverrinoey apiotepo¢g Umepev. Hipp. Epid. 1217: aAynua TAEvpou O<é.0v.

§ VII. *2voyAciaOa. *dxAkioBat.

Luke, vi. 18: And they that were vewed with unclean spirits (kat of évoyAovmevor UTO TvEvMaTwY axaDaprwr).

Acts, v.16: There came also a multitude out of the cities round about unto Jerusalem, bringing sick folks and them that were vexed with unclean spirits (6xAoupévove Uo TveEv- patwv axabdorwyr).

* éyAciy is peculiar to St. Luke, and *évoyAkiv also in connexion with disease; évoyAciv is used once elsewhere in the N. T., Heb. xii. 15, but not in a medical sense; both

8 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

words were much employed in medical language, as were also dyAoc, and some others of its derivatives (§ 88).

*évoxAcv. Hipp. Aph. 1251: td oracpod 7 reravov évoxAoupévy TupeTOG emlyevouevocg Aver TO vdonua. Hipp. Aph. 1253: rotow id tov POiciwy évoyAoupévorctv. Hipp. Aph. 1254: yuvakt trod vtorepwv tvoyAouuévy Trapmog émiywopuevoe ayalév. Hipp. Epid. 1103: ra met tiv Ko.Ainv ovK yvwxAa. Hipp. Epid. 1104: ai re Bixee nvoxAouv. Hipp. Epid. 1289: jvoyAe o& Kat Kowdin ducev- tepixy. Galen. Comm. i. 26, Nat. Hom. (xv. 73): rev oo préyparoc 7) yoXje pedaivne évoyAoupévwv. Galen. Comm. 1. 8, Acut. Morb. (xv. 429): ai oropadee vdcor diapepdvTwe évoxAovoa rove vocovvrac. Galen. Comm. iv. 40, Acut. Morb. (xv. 814): avdrote i765 waxéwv re Kat yAloypwv yumav évoxAoupuévorc. Galen. Comm. i. 1, Humor. (xvi. 13): yoAne 2 EavOic cize pcAaivng évoxAovone.

*oxAeiv. Hipp. Praecept. 28 : dudre Euurabnore b76 AdTHS éovoa OxAée, 2 érépov cuptabeinge twig OxAcvvra. Hipp. Coac. Progn. 205: adAwe tre Kiyv Tt Kata papvyya OyXAR. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 617: drav ai wdivee opddoa dyxAEwor. Hipp. Fract. 756: 7) adXAo re dyAéy Tov retTowmévov. Hipp. Epid. 996: kai éketva ryvixadra dxAgover THE HueonG Ta mAgiota. Dioscorides, Mat. Med. iii. 116: rove two Enoac Bnxoe kat do8orvoiac 6yAoupévove OzopaTveve. Galen. Comm. ul. 1, Hpid. i. (xvii. A. 24): t76 rig Eardiic OxAkirac xoAte. Galen. in Julian.: Zvioe o2 pijva GAov bro SiagOopacg dyAov- mevor OretéAcoav. Galen. Usus Part. xii. 7 (iv. 25): 6 te vwriaioe irrov EMeAAev OxANOjoecOa. Galen. Comp. Med. vil. 4 (xl. 104): woti roicg xara Tepiodov 7d piyoug 6xAov- pévote.

a Vist. iaoOa. obZev. dracwCev.

Luke, vi. 19: And the whole multitude sought to touch him: for there went virtue out of him, and /ealed them all

(kat iato wavrac).

§ vu. ] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 9

If we compare this passage with the passages in St. Matthew and St. Mark, where a similar statement is made, we find a great difference in the language employed. Matt. xiv. 36: And besought him that they might only touch the hem of his garment: and as many as touched were made perfectly whole, cat dco: tPavro, cuowOnoav. Mark, vi. 56: And whithersoever he entered, into villages, or cities, or country, they laid the sick in the streets, and besought him that they might touch if it were but the border of his garment: and as many as touched him were made whole, kat door av ijwrovro avrov, éowZorro.

St. Luke uses a term strictly medical, the other writers one less precise; and with respect to this word iac#a, which is used by the medical writers more frequently for “healing” than any other, it is remarkable that of the twenty-eight times that it is used in the New Testament, St. Luke alone uses it seventeen times, and all the other writers together only eleven times.

The words owZav and diacwZecv—used by the first two Evangelists in this instance to express “ healing’”—are also used by St. Luke in relating some of the miracles, but not by themselves alone to express this meaning, as is done by the other Evangelists. Wherever he uses them in connexion with acts of healing, he also adds some other words, which show the nature of the “saving.” Thus, in the account of the healing of the centurion’s servant, the words “that he would come and heal his servant,” drwe 2A\Pov Ciacwoy Tov SovAoV avrov, Luke, vii. 3, are explained by verse 7, “my servant shall be healed,” iaOjjoerat 6 wai¢ pov, and by verse 10, “found the servant whole that had been sick,” cipov rov acbevovvra dovAov vytatvovra. In the account of the healing of the demoniac in the country of the Gadarenes, the words “ by what means he that was possessed of the devils was healed,” Tac 20WOn 6 Saipmorvicbcic, Luke, viii. 36, are explained in verse 35 by “ the man out of whom the devils were departed,”’ ag’ ob 7a Samoa 26eAnrA0Oe, and “ in his right mind,” cwppovovvta.

c

10 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

In the account of the woman with an issue of blood, the words “thy faith hath made thee whole,” 7 wiotic gov céowké os, ch. viii. 48, are explained by “immediately her issue of blood staunched,” wapaypia Zorn 1 pac rov aiuaroe avric, verse 44; and “how she was healed immedi- ately,” cat we id0n tapaxpipa, verse 47. In the account of the cleansing of the ten lepers, the words “thy faith hath made thee whole,” 1) wicrie cov céowxé oe, ch. xvii. 19, are explained by “as they went they were cleansed,” év rw vrayev avTove zxaQapicOncav, verse 14; and in the account of the healing of the eyes of the blind men near Jericho, the words “thy faith hath saved thee,” 1) wicrte cov céowké oF, ch. xvii. 42, are explained by “ and immediately he received his sight and followed him,” kat wapayoijpa avéBAape, Kai 7KoAOUDEL avTw, Verse 43.

The medical writers do not use o&Zev or diacwZev, as equivalent to iacOa, to heal, but rather as meaning to escape from a severe illness or epidemic—to get through the attack —even if it were with impaired health or mutilation of the body. St. Luke, in Acts, xxvii. 44, and xxviii. 1, uses the word much in this sense (see the example quoted there, § 98).

§ IX.

vytaivev.

The healing of the centurion’s servant.—Luke, vii. 10: And they that were sent, returning to the house, found the servant whole (vytatvorvra) that had been sick.

St. Luke is the only N. T. writer who uses tyraiverv in this, its primary sense, “ to be in sound health, ” with the ex- ception of St. John, 3 Hp. 2. For this meaning it is the regu- lar word in the medical writers. Hipp. Vet. Med. 18: kai da Toutéwy mac 6 Blog Kai VytatvovTe Kal & vdcov avaTpEepouévyy kat kauvovte. Do. 11: wpéde re kal Erpepe Tov KauvovTa Kal Tov vytaivovra. Do. 14: kat ravra kai év vytaivovot Totow

lA avOowroiow amepyaterar kal év Kauvovor. Do. 18: kai

§ x.]J THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. LE

vooéovtt kat vytaivovrt. Aretacus, Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 78 : TadE Kal TOioL Vyaivovat Kadota ovK anOca. Aret. Cur. Acut. Morb. 87: 7} re yao ete vytavOjoerar. Diosc. Animal. Ven. Praef.: pact yap yiveoOa roeic kataotdacee roicg avOowmivorc owmact. pilav piv, kal Hv vyatvovor’ éréoav Ot, Kal” jv vooovar' rpitny O& péony Exaréowv Kal? jy doKover piv Wytalvecy, eveuTTWTWe O& cic TA TAD Kal TOE KLVdbYOVE EXOVGL Sia TLVa poporody zyKeévny Tolc owpactr Sbvamev. Galen. Comm. i. 9, Aliment. (xv. 287): dua ravrny yap Séivamv eoBiopév Té vytaivovrec Kat Tivouev Kal TaAAa TavTa TodTTouev. Galen. Comm. 1. 44, Humor. (xv. 506): dytatvdvrwy re Kat vocoby- Twy—amroPrgrovtec Tiv Sbvauty we emt TOV VyLalvdvTWY eToEPOMEV TOE VOCOUYTAC.

The word vyaivovra, as used here by St. Luke, implies that the messengers, on their return, found the servant not only cured of his disease, but also in good health.

§ X. * avaxaliZ ew.

The raising of the widow’s son.—Luke, vii. 14: And he came and touched the bier: and they that bare him stood still. And he said, Young man, I say unto thee, Arise. And he that was dead sat wp (avexaQicev 6 vexodc) and began to speak.

St. Luke uses this word again, Acts, ix. 40, of another person restored to life, and sitting up in bed. And in this intransitive sense its use seems, with a few exceptions, to be almost altogether confined to the medical writers, who em- ploy it to describe patients sitting up in bed. Hipp. Praenot. 37: avaxaliZew d& PotrAEcOar Tov vocéovTa Tie vdoov akpua- Cotonc. Hipp. Morb. Acut. 406: xiv piv év rm Odonke vip Tov poevorv AvTEN 70 TADOC, adrov avaxaliZey we TAEOTAaKLC Kal we hKtora ToOoKAWécIwoav. Hipp. Hpid. 1210: avarahié- ouévyy Eyévero UTOXOAOV yAicyoov. Hipp. Epid. 1216: epi

dt “Tov ToWTOY Umvov Oia TovAAH Kal pavin Kat avexaiZe.

12 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

Hipp. Epid. 1220: dvoddpwe piowv tov muperov ev0be ar apxne Kat avaxaligwy tpiraioe Extucev Wyxpov. Hipp. Coac. Progn. 197: avaxabiZev O& BobrAEoDar Kaxdv 2v TotoL o&éot. Aretaeus, Sign. Morb. Acut. 9: kat jv piv karaxéwvrat, ava- cabiZover avaxexAloar ov« avexydpuevot, iv O& avakDicwot, UTd amoping avOic avaxAivovra. Galen. Comm. i. 20, Progn. (xvili. B. 65): Azyouor of wepurvevfovicol otevoxwoelac aio- OdvecOa kara Tov Odonka Kat TvEbpmova TOAANE év Talc VaTiate karaxAlosow, evmvovorepor O& avaKxabiZovrec yéveoPar— xarerdtaréy gore avaxabiZav 20édev tov Kauvovra—avaka- OiZev ercyepety TOV KdpvovTa Kata THY akunv The vdcov, Ke. Galen. Loc. Affect. v. 8 (viii. 834): 6 Kat peraoynuaric- eoOar wooPupovvra Kal dvaxabiZev.

The description of the several gradual stages of recovery —he sat up—then began to speak—is quite in the manner of medical writing. St. Luke frequently does this; e.g. in the case of the lame'man at the gate of the temple, of Tabi- tha, of the blindness of Elymas, &c.

§ XI.

Luke, vii. 21: And in the same hour he cured many of their infirmities and plagues, and of evil spirits (aro vocwv Kat paotlywy Kal TvEvLaTwWY TOVNOwY).

In this passage diseases are divided into two classes— yoco. and pasriyec—chronic and acute (vdcoc = xodvia Kaxo- 7a0ca, Theophyl.). Aretaeus, who wrote about St. Luke’s time, makes a similar division, his medical works treating of the signs, causes, and cure of (1) acute and (2) chronic dis- ease.

The word wovnode is applied to evil spirits by St. Luke alone (except once, Matt. xii. 45: Then goeth he, and taketh with himself seven other spirits more wicked (zovnodrepa) than himself). He uses it again viii. 2, xi. 26; Acts, xix. 12, 13, 15,16. This word was frequently used in medical language in relation to disease, &c., and one of its uses is identical with

§ x11.] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 13

that of St. Luke here, for zovnode indicates the active prin- ciple of evil (see Trench, Synonyms of the New Testament), and it is applied in the medical writers to what spreads de- struction or corruption, e.g. the poison of serpents. Galen speaking of the best season to take the viper (x:dva) for an ingredient of the antidote (Onoraxy), says, Theriac. ad Pison. 13 (xiv. 264): adda padtora Tepi THY apynv TOU £apoc Orav TIC pev pwAkslac ravovta—kal ovKel’ oUTwe Exouct TOVYOY TOY tov. Evoov yap dwAevovta, kal KaTa pyodiv diapopobmeva TovnporE- pay ouvayel kat 71)v év avtotc P0ooorody dbvauv. Galen. The- riac. ad Pison. 8 (xiv. 234) : 6 d& dpbivog dguc ovrwe Tovnode ort moog TO diadOetpar kaxwe. Galen. Theriac. ad Pison. 5 (xiv. 230): rwy rovnpwy Onpiwy ra Siyypara. Galen. The- riac. ad Pison. 18 (xiv. 289): ra Onpia riv piv vrepterapévny kal Tovynpay Tog cwHpact Svvamty Oia Tie Kavoewe aoriBerat. Galen. Loc. Affect. iii. 11 (viii. 195): Oavpacroyv Sd? ovdiy Epackev, OUvamuv ioyupay toy TOV év TH TAacxXOVTL poply yevunfévra rapa piow xupov, dmotor Toig Tovneoic¢ Anpiore eloly oi iol.

Besides the division of disease into two classes, St. Luke here distinguishes disease itself clearly from demoniacal posses- sion, and this he does more frequently than the other Evan- gelists. See particularly vi. 17, viii. 2, xiii. 32, which have no parallel places in the other Gospels, and Acts, xix. 12.

§ XII.

The Demoniac of Gadara.—Luke, viii. 27: And when he went forth to land, there met him out of the city a certain man, which had devils Jong time (& ypévwy ixavov), and ware no clothes (iudriov ov« évedidtoxero), neither abode in any house, but in the tombs.

St. Luke here mentions some circumstances which are omitted by St. Matthew and St. Mark :—first that the posses- sion had lasted a considerable time; this he repeats again, verse 29, woAXoic yap xpdvorc cuvnpraxee avrdv, “ for during

14 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

a long time it had caught him.” Now the mentioning the length of time a malady has lasted is quite in the manner of the medical writers. St. Luke does this often as in Ch. viii. 48, xii. 11; Acts, ili. 2, iv. 22, and ix. 18; and here it would be appropriate in a medical writer to do so, as one of the medical notes of mania was that it was intermit- tent. Aretaeus, Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 87: wept Mavine— wavin o& Kal dvadsire Kat peAcdwove ?¢ TéoG amoTatverat. Again, St. Luke alone states that the man was naked, and this was another of the medical notes of mania. The Arch- bishop of Dublin (Notes on the Miracles, p. 168), on this passage, quotes from Pritchard on Insanity, “a striking and characteristic circumstance is the propensity to go quite naked ; the patient tears his clothes to tatters.” This propen- sity was one of the notes of mania in St. Luke’s day, too, for Aretaeus, in his chapter on mania, states the same thing. Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 87: repi Mavine—éo®’ dre tobijrae re Z0pnGavTo. ,

St. Luke, too, states more clearly than the two other Evangelists that the man had taken up his abode in the tombs as his dwelling-place. A propensity to do this is also mentioned by ancient physicians in connexion with madness. See Actius de Melancholia ex Galeno, Rufo, &., ch. 1. (Galen. xix. 702): of mAslove pévtor év oKorevotlg TO7oLG Xalpovor ciarpiPev Kai év pvynpelorg Kal Ev Epimore.

§ XIII.

‘we fa ce ¢ * NM toTaval. puoalc aliaroc. TOOCAVAALOKELV.

The woman with an issue of blood.—Luke, vii. 43, 44: And a woman having an issue of blood (ovca év pice aiuaroc) twelve years, which had spent (tpocavaAwaaca) all her living upon physicians, neither could be healed of any, came behind him and touched the border of his garment, and immediately her issue of blood (1 piotg tov aiwarog avrijc) stanched (Eorn).

§ xi. ] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 15

This is the only passage in the N.T. in which tordvar is used in this sense. It is the usual word in the medical writers to denote the stoppage of bodily discharges, and especially such as mentioned here. Hipp. Praedic. 80: oiow 2& apyne aiwoppayia AdPeat, piyoc tornot pio. Hipp. Morb. Sacr. 806: tornot 7 aiva. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 639: émeloay 6 TO pevyua oth. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 668: kai 6 poo torara. Aretaeus, Cur. Acut. Morb. 109: zpdc¢ eoav tiv apxainv ro aiua otijcavta—axwyotn yao Tovee Kal THEL torarac 6 pdoc. Dioscorides, Mat. Med. i. 182: tornor cat pouv yuvatkeiov toootiBéuevov. Do. 148: kat AevKdv pov tornot. Do. 148: tornor d? kat aiwoppoidac. Galen. Comm. iv. 24, Morb. Acut. (xv. 781): érav 62 ory 76 aiua. Galen. Cur. per Ven. Sect. 22 (xi. 313): duoyeoWe torwot rh aiwoppaytav.

The phrase piote aimaroce is used by St. Mark also. It is quite medical. Hipp. Medicus, 21: kat ri piow rod aipatoc kwAtecOa. Hipp. De Judicat. 53: 4 aiuaroe ix TOV pivéwy ptow. Hipp. Coac. Progn. 119: séxdcorer potkar TuKval Vylaivovat, ovro é& aiparoc piotoc éxmvicxovra. Hipp. Aphor. 1248: rov piv yao tioo¢ Ta pavicad Kal Ta émiAnTriKa kai aiuaroc ptoec. Dioscorides, Mat. Med. i. 6: kat rae zx pnroac pvasc moooTMiusvac otéA\Xovar. Do. 116: 7 pooTi- Ocioa ptow ek phrpac oré\Aax. Galen. Comm. i. 26, Humor. (xvi. 26): kal ra ?miAnmriKa Kal aiuaroe picec. Galen. Comm. iii. 18, Humor. (xvi. 339) : wAcvpiric, POictc, aliuatoe pvotc kal doa pn apaipicse AAA TH TpooBice paddov Oeoa- mevovra. Galen. Hipp. et Plat. Decret. viii. 6 (v. 695) : kal 2k piv@v aluaroc pioec. Galen. Comp. Med. vii. 3 (xaill. 77): adAn appevparictog woedg aiuaroe pvaw. Galen. Comm. i. 1, Humor. (xvi. 12): cai 6 révoe rije pvoewe TOU aiwatoc 6 KAvGwv.

St. Luke at times, after using medical terms in their proper medical signification, is in the habit of continuing the use of words with which he was familiar in medical lan- guage. Some striking instances of this peculiarity will be

16 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

met further on. Here he uses woocavaANioxev. Hipp. Rat. Vic. 856: ard rie Siung tov d&f0c To bypdv Teocavadwrat. Galen. Comm. i. 26, Progn. (xviii. B. 84): ei d& kat mpaog 6 Tuperog ely, Ouvhoeral wore wear Tove poxAnood'e xupove 7 Sivauic 2v TH xXodvy br) P0acaca ToocavadwHiva Ty THY muperav O€bTyTt. Galen. Morb. Acut. Secund. Hipp. 4 (xix. 192): & m1¢ wept tiv akuyv dAooxEpEoTEPAG amalTEl Too~ac TpocavarwBelone Tig Suvapuewe.

tEavaXloxev and xaravaAtcxew are also thus used in the medical writers (a).

§ XIV. Ocoareta.

Luke, ix. 11: And the people, when they knew it, fol- lowed him: and he received them and spake unto them of the kingdom of God, and healed them that had need of heal- ing (rove yostav Exovtac Ospameiac iaro). Oepameta, in this sense, is used by St. Luke only, and once in Rev. xxii. 2. It was the usual word in the medical writers for ‘“ medical treatment,’ &e. Hipp. Morb. Acut. 399: rove dé axaraora- TOVC TWY TUPETWY, edv MEXOLC Av KaTAOTWoLY, OKdTaV Ce OTWOLY anavrijcat cairn Kai Osoareiy 7 Tooonkovoy. Hipp. Morb. Acut. 406 : acpadsoréon yao yiverat ) Ozpamein. Hipp. Morb.

(a) The raising of Jairus’s daughter.—Luke, viii. 55: And her spirit came again (eéméorpefe Td myvedua). This passage has been considered by some as one in which St. Luke employs medical language, and has been rendered ‘‘ her breathing’’ or ‘respiration’’ returned. This rendering, though possible, seems improbable, for the phrase éméorpeWe Td mvedua= ‘‘respiration returned,”’ is very unlike a medical one; and had St. Luke intended merely this, he would most likely, as a physician, have employed, in accordance with medical usage, avamvon, not myvedua. avamvof was the medical term for respiration. Galen has written two works on the subject, named, ‘‘ On the Causes of Respiration,” mept Tav THs avamvois aitiwy, and “ On the Use of Respiration,’’ wep) xpelas avanvoijs. He defines it, Med. Defin. 108 (xix. 375), and it is the term used throughout his works, passim, e. gy. speaking of the cessation of breathing, Loc. Affect. i. 6 (vii. 84): obros mev odk &pwvov udvov amorede?, Td CGov

a

§ xv.] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 17

Acut. 690: 7) 8 broXeianrat EAkea, TAEtovoc Cehoe Oeparreine. Aretaeus, Cur. Morb. Acut. 82: Ozoameia ppevitixev. Do. 88: Ocpareia AnPapynov. Do. 91: papacpov Pepareia— Ocoareia arotAnging. Do. 94: Oepareia tapofvopov émAnt- tikwv. Do. 95: Ozoameia rerdvov. Dioscor. Animal. Ven. 3: reomo¢g O& THe Ozpametac Ersopo¢ ayéoOw. Galen. Progn. ad Posth. 2 (xiv. 609): wept ric Oeoameiag Tov voohparoc.

§ XV: *apodc. *aroxwpeiv. * emiPrérav. e€alpvne.

The healing of a demoniac child.—Luke, ix. 38, 39: And, behold, a man of the company cried out, saying, Master, I beseech thee, /ook upon (érif3\efov) my son, for he is mine only child. And, lo, a spirit taketh him, and he suddenly (eEaipvne) crieth out; and it teareth him that he foameth again (wera appov), and bruising him hardly departeth (dye amoxwpe) from him.

* apode is used by Hippocrates and Aretaeus in describing the symptoms of epilepsy, which would seem, from St. Luke’s and St. Mark’s narrative, to have been the disease through which in this instance the devils exerted their power over this child. Hipp. Morb. Sac. 3803 (Hpilepsy) : iv d& agodv

ék TOV oTOuaTog apéy Kal Toto. Toot Aakrify. Hipp. Morb.

mylye, oreploxwy THs avanvons. Aretaeus, also, throughout his works con- stantly uses avarvoj. mvedua is often used by the medical writers in conjunc- tion with avamvety and avamvon, to signify the air or breath inhaled during the act of respiration, ¢. g. Hippocrates, Dieb. Judicat. 57: dvamvéwy movad aOpdov mvevua. Aretaeus, Sign. Acut. Morb. 19: kad yap ka did mvevpovos EAket mvedpa eis avamvony 7 Kapdin. Galen. Praedic. i. Comm. i. 4 (xvi. 619): bv ay 7d mvedua Kata Tas avamvous iow Te Kal kw pepyra.

Hippocrates sometimes loosely uses mvedua for avamrvof, and Galen found it necessary to explain this at times in his commentaries on the works of Hippo- crates: thus commenting on the Aphorism: éy Toto: muperotor Td mvedua mpo- okémtov Kakby, oracuoy yap onuatver, he says, mvedua vov Gkoveréoy avTov A€yew, dorep kay TH TpoyvwoTKe To Kata Thy avamvonhpy.

D

18 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

Sac. 305 (Epilepsy): kai appo¢ 2x Tov orduatoce éxpéee Kal of éddvteg ouvhpxacr. Hipp. Hpid. 1222: radw 7H dorepatn Towt éd1o0n omacpwong appoe o& ov mavv. Hipp. Aph. 1246: ov« avapépovow ociot dv appoc 7) TEP TO oTdua. Are- taeus, Sign. Morb. Acut. 4 (Hpilepsy) : agpov 62 aromritovar w@omep emt rotor peyadowwt mvevpace 1) OadXacoa THY axvny. Do. 29: émedy rotor xelAeot apode epiGavet.

* awoxwpeiv is used once by St. Matthew, vii. 23, but not in connexion with disease. It is of frequent use in the me- dical writers. Hipp. Loc. in Hom. 409: kat 76 piv aina amTrorpeTOmevov [ovAdpuEevov aTroxwpéev, TO 0 avwhev émip- péov BovAduevoy KaTwxwpéev. Hipp. Loc. in Hom. 413: kal pn) é¢ THY KEparny TAaAW aToXwe& voonAdv zdv. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 588: dere ijv pa) aoxwpéy tt Tov aipatoe. Hipp. de Ulcer. 873: Sxwe 1d Tvov aroxwosy kal 7a okAnovVOpeva AavaxOj—7vov aTo TwY OldnudTwY aToYwpé KaTAa TO EAKOC. Hipp. Judicat. 55: kat zaic mia atoxweéovta vyiatew vovooe. Hipp. Coac. Progn. 157: mruadouv avaypéupiec ev TupeT—aTOXwpéovoat Kata Adyov. Hipp. Vict. Rat. 353: oe Oxolwy yae ayystwv aroxywos. Hipp. Judicat. 53: ciadovu ToAAov aroxwonoc. Galen. Comm. i. 1, Humor. (xvi. 10) : dts Mode THE WuxodTHTOC WHodbpEVoOY ic Ta EvOOY aTOKEXWONKE- Galen. Comm. i. 15, Humor. (xvi. 161): @dopuaka ra suv} Owe dvouatousva XaAaoriKa Kal To’Twy Goa weve TO EnpdrEpov TOKE YWONKEDV.

*imiAémav. St. Luke alone uses the word émiPXérew, with the exception of St. James, ii. 3, who, however, employs it in a different sense—“ And ye have respect to him that weareth the gay clothing.” It was used by the medical writers of examining the appearance, condition of a patient, &e. Galen. Comm. i. 1, Humor. (xvi. 18): émiBdérew det w@pav kal xwpav kal vArKiav Kat vdcovg Kal tov AvTovvTa xuudv. Galen. Comm. i. 1, Humor. (xvi. 58): kai a dst rov iarpov émiBArérev. Galen. Comm. i. 18, Humor. (xvi. 176) : Ovvarat yap TovTO ToLEioPar awd TiC OovVnE TIVOE }} TOVWY 7} Ta0ovg WoyiKod 7) Kat cwuariKod Omep Cet wadtora émiBrérELY,

§ xv.] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 19

i Ocoameiac xpi. Galen. Comm. ii. 8, Epid. ii. (xvii. A. 402) : émiBAérev rae picee Te Kal Kpacee Kal Tiv pounv Tov AauBavdvTwy TO Pappaxov. Galen. Comm. ii. 6, Epid. iii. (xvii. A. 627): otrwe ody ciwOev 6 ‘Immoxpdrne émi3Aérew Ta ovpa. Galen. Meth. Med. ad Glaue. i. 16 (xi. 67): éwiPBérey HOn Xp} TO TPdowrov TOV vooéovroc. Galen. Comm. i. 2, Aph. (xvi. B. 360): cidoe rig vdcou émifsrerréov. Galen. Meth. Med. ad Glaue. i. 2 (xi. 30): Kat adriy riv Tov voohparoc bro0ecow emiBdérev epackouerv Ociv. Galen. Ther. ad Pison. 4. (xiv. 229) : kal rag Kodoee Tov AauPavdvTwy TO Pappakov emiBrAérev. Galen. Comm. ii. 8, Aliment. (xv. 286): ém- BAgrev S8 xpiivat kat cig TA voohpara Kal Ty Obvapmty TOU Kau- vovToe.

eEalovnc—He suddenly crieth out. This word is met with four times in the writings of St. Luke, and but once in the rest of the N. T. (Mark, xiii. 36). It is just the word a medi- eal writer would employ here, as in medical language it was applied to sudden crying out—sudden attacks of speechless- ness, spasms, paroxysms. Hipp. Hpid. 1212: récoapeckaide- KaTH Epyov Karéxelv iv, avaTnowoay Kat Powcov zEaidvne Kat ouvtévwc. Hipp. 805 (Epilepsy): apwvoe pév éorw bxdrav eEaipync 70 pAéyua éemixareADdv é¢ rac pAéBac amokdXkloy Tov agpa. Hipp. Nat. Mul. 563: dgwvoe earivneg yiverat, cat Tove OddvTag Evvepeide, kal 1) ypou) péAawa yiverar eEarivne 62 ravra waoye. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 648: agdwvoe 7 yuri eéa- mivne yivera. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 670: 2&amtivne adwvoe yiverat broydvopia oxAnpa Kal wviyerar Kal rove dddvTag ouvepeloee Kal ovK Urakove KaAcouévn. Hipp. Hpid. 1046: Soo. tativng apwvor ambperor Ewowv, pAcBoropuéecv. Hipp. Aph. 1260: jv % yAwooa taipvng axpati¢c yévnra i} amd- mAnktov tT. Tov cwuatoc. Galen. Anat. Administr. viii. 4 (il. 669) : kékpaye yap oUTw Tadpevor, cir eaipyne apwvov yivopuevoy emi ty odtyxPiva ra vevpa. Galen. De Bono Hab. (iv. 755): za o2 e€aidvn¢e adpwrov yevéoOa prAcBav aToAr ec TO cwua AuTéovcr. Galen. Medic. et Gymn. 37 (v. 877): d0ev apwvot tiveg avtwv eaipvne.

20 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

St. Luke here enters more into the medical details of the case than the other Evangelists, stating some particulars passed over by them; we learn from him alone that the fits came on suddenly—éEaipune kpaZe, he suddenly crieth out— also that they lasted a considerable time—péyi¢ aroxwpei— hardly departeth from him.

It is worthy of note that Aretaeus, a physician of about St. Luke’s time, in treating of Epilepsy, admits the possi- bility of this disease being produced by demoniacal agency. He writes, Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 37 (Epilepsy): rotvexev isonv KukAhoKkovor THY TaOnv’ arap Kal ov addac Tpopactac, Hi péyeDoc Tov Kakov' iepov yap Td péya’ 7) ihotog ovK avOpw- mine adAa Ding. 7 Sainovog ddEne é¢ Tov avOowzop eioddov, } Suptavrwv 6mov, tives éwikAnokov iconv.

Now, this was a complete revolution in medical science since the time of Hippocrates, who repudiates the idea that Epilepsy (called the sacred disease, 1 ion) vdcoc), was more supernatural than any other. In the beginning of his trea- tise on Epilepsy he writes: wepi piv tig tepie vdcov KaAco- pévng @O Exel. ovdey ti por Soxéee TOV GAAwy Deorépn sivar potowy ove: isowréon, GAAA pboww pév EXEL Tv Kal Ta AowTa vovorara OOev yivera. This statement he repeats (308), and at the conclusion: avrn 62 7) vovcog 1) igon KaAcopévy ek TOV avToY TeOPaciwy yivera ap wv Kai ai AouTal awd TOV mposiovTwy Kal amidvtwr, olov WbEioc, Alov, mvevpatwy peraBadAouévwr re Kal pndemore atpEuUGdvTwv, Tav’Ta O EoTe Oia, Wore pyndev Otaxplvovta 76 vovonna Oevdteo0v Twv AOUTOY yovonnarwy voutev, adAa wavra Ota Kat avOpwriva Tavra, referring all such diseases to natural causes.

§ XVI.

>’ > ~ *avaxirreav. *amodbev. avopbodr.

The woman with a spirit of infirmity.—Luke, xii. 11, 12, 18: And, behold, there was a woman which had a spirit of infir-

§ xvi. ] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 21

mity eighteen years, and she was bowed together, and could in no wise /ift up (avaxt a) herself. And when Jesus saw her, he called her to him, and said unto her, Woman, thou art loosed (awoAéAvoa) from thine infirmity. And he laid his hands on her: and immediately she was made straight (avwp9H0n), and glorified God.

* avakvrrev is most suitably used here. Galen uses it of straightening the vertebrae of the spine. Usus Part. xiii. 1 (iv. 80): éypiv yao dymrov rove piv UroKemmévoue Eig TA KATW péon peVicracIa KvoToupévnc Tie payewe, dvw O ikvae Tove UTeoKEtmévouc, Kal wév ye kal avaxuTTOvTwy Te Kal CpNouuévwr, EuTadwv exonv kiveiaAar rove oTovdtAoveg KaTW pETLOVTAG TOE UTEOKEEVOUC, vw Of TOE UToTETaypévOUC. Sp0¢ yao EkaTéooU TOV OXhpaToc, éewikauTTOVTWY piv aToxywpEly aAfAwy Tove aTovovAoue, door vidv Te TAELoTOY, WE El Kat petCovog Seouévne Thvixavta yiveoOa Tie payewc, avakuTTovTwr 0, ZumTaALy ov- viévat TavTac sic TavTOV aAXjAole TH péicw oTOVOAW TOOG- Xwpovrtac, we av kai voy Boaysiac avayKxaCopuévng yivecbar tic OAnc paxewc. Hippocrates calls a curvature of the spine kugoc and kipwpa, and uses Aveay of its removal. Artic. 806, 807: omdvdvAo 82 of Kata payLy, Sootot piv bd voon- patwy EXxovrat 2¢ TO Kupov, Ta piv TAiora adbvara AvEecDar, Tpoc 6: Kal doa avwripw ToV hosvunv TIE TpocPbatog KUpoUTa —pardrov o€ Tt éyyivdpmevor Kupcol év TH Kat iyvinv pr&[b, dicot © av TL Kbgwpua 7), AbovoLW.

*azodvev. This is the only passage in the N.T. in which avoXvev is used of disease. It is applied by the medical writers to releasing from disease—relaxing tendons, mem- branes, &c., and taking off bandages. Hipp. Praedic. 108: émjv o& TO KvoTwUA TO TIE yaoTpd¢ amoAvOy. Hipp. Aph. 1228 : Gre d& wafea dv Stapeivy rotor maLdiotct Kal jun *aToAVOH Teot TO HPacKev, xooriZev ciwhcv. Hipp. Artic. 840: vevpwv amoAvfévrwy. Hipp. Nat. Puer. 246: dxdrav && paywow of wipévec tore AVerar amd decpov To EuPovov. Hipp. Fract. 760: awoXtcar d2 rorraiov Kai avfie mereriojoa. Hipp. Fract. 767: reAeur@vrec O& amoAvover Ta émidéopara.

22 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

Aretaeus, Sign. Acut. Morb. 7: 70 xaxov atodvbiv d& abpdwe éradivopounce. Aret. Cur. Acut. Morb. 100: ny 6d ai toya- pat iJon te aroAbwvra. Dioscorides, Medic. Parab. i. 214: kal aomimret ev Hulwoly aTo&nparvomevn 1 aifoppote Kal &k THe Bdcewe aroAvonévyn. Galen. Comm. ii. 9, Humor. (xvi. 243): kal doa arodta Tov dppworoyv amd Tov voohuaroc. Galen. Anat. Administr. i. 5 (ii. 251): Grav amodtne tév TevdvTwr.

avopSovv is met in Hebrews once, xii. 12; is used by the medical writers for “to straighten, to put into natural position, abnormal or dislocated parts of the body.” Hipp. Superfoet. 264: avevptvev 76 ordua Tig phtpac TH wndy TH kacolreptvy Kat avooovy éxn av Senta. Hipp. Aphoron. 677: avopPoiv duod zav déyra. Hipp. Artic. 802: avop- Govv piv xpn Tavta Ta Toladra Tove daxtbAove é¢ TovdE puxtipac évriOévra. Hipp. Artic. 8038: mapaaddovra yao rove SaxtiAove yon EvOev Kal EvOev Kara THY dow Tie plvoc we katwratw KatwOev ovvavaycaZew Kal ovTw padtoTa avoo- Ootvra. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 665: dp0ov0cba advvaret.— kal ov Sévarar dpPovc0a 7} iDdvecAa. Hipp. Morb. 852: ovror katokvéovoty 6pAovcIa kat cidgovrat éwi To Vytée okédog. Hipp. Intern. Affect. 553: kat iv tie avacrijoa 0é\n ov Sbvarar dpbovc0a. Galen. Comm. iii. 16, Progn. (xviii B. 265): doeQovvree rov ToaynaAov. Galen. Medicus, 20 (xiv. 792): 2av piv ovv pie kareayn ovx dpOovra. Galen. Art. Med. Const. 12 (i. 264): 70 k@Aov addvatov do00aca Kat cvaTAdoat.

In addition to the medical words used in describing this miracle, there are traces of medical writing. After men- tioning the length of time the woman laboured under this infirmity, St. Luke states the several stages in the process of recovery—first the relaxing of the contracted muscles of the chest (azoAéAvoa); and as this of itself would not have been sufficient to give her an erect posture, on account of the stiffening of the muscles through so many years, the second part of the operation is described by (avop0&6n) the removal of the curvature, and strength to stand erect.

§ xvir.] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 23

§ XVII. *laoic. amoreAciv.

Luke, xiii. 32: And he said unto them, Go ye, and tell that fox, Behold, I cast out devils, and I do cures (iacee amorsA@) to day and to morrow, and the third day I shall be perfected. St. Luke alone employs the great medical word tase, “healing,” “cure.” And azorediv, which is a word of most frequent use in medical language, and is met in only one other passage in the N. T. (James, i. 10.)

*iaotc. Hipp. Morb. Sacr. 301: xara o2 rijv evTopiar TOU TOdTOU Tij¢ ijotog iwvtac. Hipp. Praedic. 93: émyetpécv Gf Xon TouTéolct TOY inrpoYr, iddta TOV TPOTOV TIE tHjovoc. Hipp. Intern. Affect. 556: 1 vovcoe imetootiacev, add XP7, Tv vrotpomiacy THv avtiv iow ijoOa. Hipp. De Arte, 4: i roivur si piv b76 dappdkwr 7 note TH TE tNTPLKD kal ToI¢ intpoiot povvoy éyévero. Hipp. Morb. 857: inate 8, Rv pev amboeror Ewow, éAAcBopiZav. Hipp. 862: inore, Kavote—1) 62 peAérn inate, émideate We vouog. Aretaeus, Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 58: pnizéon ) reves yore. Galen. Comm. 1. 5, Nat. Hom. (xv. 37) :rijv tyow adi EoeoOa, ov‘ OvTwy yap woAXwv Tap avTy ToAXOVE TPdTOVE idoewo adbvaTOY yevéoOa. Galen. Comp. Med. vil. 5 (xii. 187): ra 7adn Ta Ocdmeva TG Oa Paopdxwy ijcewc. Galen. Comp. Med. vii. 5 (xiii. 188): Tac psOddoue Tie lacEewe.

amoteAciv. Hipp. Acut. Morb. 891: we yp diaywweoxev Tac acbeveiag év THot voUcoLoLY, al TE Cia KEVEayyEtnY aTrOTE- Aovvrat al re O¢ aAAnv Twa zocMiopov. Hipp. Hpid. 1200: Kal 7) tig GAAng vdcov émidvote, 4) XaAacic, 1) aku Kal TO padXdov Kal To fjooov amoreAgovoa, &c. Dioscorides, Mat. Med. ii. 129: PéAriov d& 76 idvov Eoyov amoreAt TOOG Ta pedmata tig Kowlac. Do. 179: odvvara d& KaBapov «Kai eVXypouv amoreAciv To oma. Galen. Comp. Med. vi. 9 (xi. 1007): xdAdAtorov amoreAct gapuaxov. Galen. Ther. ad

Pison 3 (xiv. 220): kat dia rovTo Yavpacta¢ THhv avrléotov

24 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [Part I.

amoredeiv ta %oya. Galen. Comm. iii. 2, Epid i. (xvii. A 264): pevirixdc av amereAécOn. Galen. Comm. i. 26, Humor. (xvi. 459): tov &vOpwrov 7) tépwra aroreAcioBat 7} kayetiav turotv. Galen. Comm. iv. 85, Morb. Acut. (xv. 805): kat pera 7d vooijoa Kpiosc amorehovyvra. Galen. Comm. i. 12, Humor. (xvi. 132): yoAddoug 6: dvToe épvat- mweAae amoreAsirat.

There is another reading, éwireA@, and it is found in con- junction with tacve in Galen. adv. Julianum, 6 (xvii. A. 277): ’AokAnmlaonc—amairet Tole iarpotc émireAcioBat TH taow.

§ XVITI. * Wopwmtkdc.

The healing of the man with a dropsy.—Liuke, xiv. 2: And, behold, there was a certain man before him which had the dropsy (vSpwrxdc). The use of the adjective dépwiride (se. dvOpwzoc), “a dropsical man,” employed by St. Luke, is the usual way in medical language of denoting a person suffering from dropsy. Hipp. Epid. 1215: Krnowov vdpw- TiKOG kK KaVOOU TOAAODV, Kal TpdTEpOV UdpwmiKoC Kal omTAnve- one. Hipp. Epid. 1216: kai év OdbvOw Vdpwrikde, eaipune apwvoc. Hipp. Aph. 1256: rotow idpwrikotor ta yivoueva fAkea év TH CWpaTL OV padlwe bytaSerar. Hipp. Aph. 1257: Oxdoot Eumvoe 7) UCpwmeKxoi. Do. 1257: rotow vépwrekoior Bug exeyevouévn xaxdv. Dioscorides, Mat. Med. i. 4: Addon kat Vépwmkoig Bonet. Do. 9: dSbvame d? adrey cvovpntiK appocovoa vopwmxkoic. Do. 184: Bonbet orAnvixote, Vépw- muoic. Galen. Ther. ad Pamphil. (xiv. 3803): ypioumoe di kal Vopwrtkolc—eml piv TOV Vdpwrlkov Ol pév avTO KaTaTivew duddact TO Pappakov TPO Tov otTiwy.

§ x1x.] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 25

§ XIX. * mpooayev.

The healing of the blind man near Jericho.—Luke, xviii. 40: And Jesus stood, and commanded him ¢o be brought unto him (axPijvat mpd¢ avdrdv).

* rpocdyev and ayev mpedc, though used by other New Testament writers, are never applied by them to the bringing of the sick to our Lord: this is done by St. Luke alone. Here, and ix. 41: “Bring thy son hither,” tpocayaye rov wudv cov woe, and iv. 40: “ Now when the sun was setting, all they that had any sick with divers diseases brought them unto him,” iyayov avrovc mpdc avtév. In the parallel passages to this last (Matt. vii. 16; Mark, i. 82), the other Evangelists use zpoopépav and pépev mpoc, which might seem more strictly correct, as, no doubt, some of the sick had to be carried.

mpocayev, however, was a word of most frequent use in medical language in several technical significations, and among them in this very one of bringing sick to a physician. Galen. Comp. Med. iii. 2 (xiii. 585): 2€ avayxne ovbv 7jKoAov- Once ry TeTpwpévyy Deppacia Te TOAAY Kal OnELc Kal 6dvYN KaTa TO Ako, Wote aYOiva Tpdc Eu? TOV avOpwroy we éml Tapa- dd&w Ty cupBeBnudre. Galen. Comp. Med. iii. 7 (xiii. 637) : Zuoe KGKELVO TO TaLdapiov eKkéAcvos TeOGAaXOhvar DeparevOnod- pevov. Other meanings were, to bring the sick gradually round to food. Hipp. Vic. Rat. 374: é dé rov iuérou mpoo- ayéoOw cic iypépac Téccapac TO oitiov—kal EuETov Toodmevocg mpooayérw. Hipp. De Insom. 376: 10 rpirov pépoc apedre TOU oiTiov Kal TOUTO wouvXn Mpooayou waXdWw ec Tag TévTE Hmépac—kal oirioor Kovpolot TpocayeElv Ec Hyuspag wévTe. 317: Emeita e€eucoavta avOic mpucayelv mpoc Tac TévTe. 378: 7 OF Siaira pradaky Kal Kovpn mpocayOiTw ee Huspag TEoodpac. And to apply remedies. Hipp. Epid. 1223: AréEBopa

E

26 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

mpoonxOncav xepadij¢ cafdpouec. Dioscorides, Medic. Parab. 1.14: épyaoricjy Eye Obvamuy ToIg pict Tpocaydueva—kviON Tpocayouévn oKéAEot.

§ XX.

The healing of Malchus’s ear—lLuke, xxii. 50: And one of them smote the servant of the high priest, and cut off his right ear. And Jesus answered and said, Suffer ye thus far. And he touched his ear, and healed him.

This miracle is peculiar to St. Luke, for although all four Evangelists record the cutting off of the ear, St. Luke alone tells us of the healing. In its character it was of such a nature as would impress itself on the mind of a physician ; as it was unique among our Lord’s acts of healing, and St. Luke in his medical practice had never seen the restora- tion of an amputated member of the body.

§ XXI.

* juOavnc. *xaradéuv. *rpavpa. * éimyéav. *tXaov Kal oivoc. *émmedcioOar. *éravipyecOa. *avrimapépxecOat.

* kata ovykuplav. mepuTimretv.

Parable of the good Samaritan.— Luke, x.30-35: And Jesus answering said, A certain man went down from Jerusalem to Jericho, and fell among (reptérecev) thieves, which stripped him of his raiment, and wounded him, and departed, leaving him half dead (jpu8avy). And by chance (xara cvyxvpiav) there came down a certain priest that way: and when he saw him, he passed by on the other side (avrurapyjAOev). And like- wise a Levite, when he was at the place, came and looked on him, and passed by on the other side (avrirapnAGe). But a certain Samaritan, as he journeyed, came where he was: and when he saw him, he had compassion on him, and went to him, and bownd up (karédnos) his wounds (ra tpavmara avrov), pouring in (émexyéwv) oil and wine (EXaov Kat oivoy), and set him on his own beast, and brought him to an inn, and took

§ xxr.] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 27

care of him (érepeAnOn avrov). And on the morrow when he departed, he took out two pence, and gave them to the host, and said unto him, Take care of him (EmpedhOnre avrov) ; and whatsoever thou spendest more, when I come again (év ty éravépxeoOai we), I will repay thee.

This parable is peculiar to St. Luke, and from the inci- dents described in it was one most likely to be recorded by him : he may himself have attended in his professional prac- tice on travellers in a similar case, for we find from a passage in Galen that it was not unusual for persons when seized with illness on a journey to take refuge in inns. Galen, too, uses the word “half dead” (*nu8avie, peculiar to St. Luke) in deserib- ing their case. Galen. De Morb. Different. 5 (vi. 850) : ota rote édouTophaacww ev Kpvet Kaptep) ylverat, ToAXOL yap TobTwY Of piv év avtaic raic 6dci¢ améBavov, of 02 cic TavdoyEtov, eiv H) olkade TapayevioOa p0dcavrec ipuOvitéc TE Kal KaTeuypévor gatvovra. Galen. De Rigore, &e., 5 (vii. 602): we baor ye XEyLwvoe SdouTopovvrec, cira 2v Kpvet KapTEepW KaTadngDévTEc, nuOvirég Te Kal TpOMmdee OlKade TapeyévovTo.

* xaradéev, peculiar to St. Luke, is used in medical lan- guage of binding up wounds, ulcers, &e. Hipp. Morb. 467: emt Tm §EXkee slptov mivdsv émireDeie Katadjoa Kat pa AVoa axpic ExTa Tyepov. Hipp. Morb. 469: cyioar avrov TO Bpéyua Kal emv aroppvy TO aipa ourfete ra xetAca ijoat kat karadjoat. Hipp. Aphoron. 678: %rera Od v0v avoopov tepiOcioa katadijoa. Hipp. Fract. 750: rhv piv ody Xélpa, eOdKeé TIC KaTOjoa Katampyvia Torhcoac. Hipp. Artic. 829: Epia puTepa év oivy Kal iAaly Karappalvovta xXAozgpoict avwev emitéyyev, karadeiv dé, &c. Hipp. Ulcer. 881: rhEac avtTo avwbev dia Tie oKiAAne Thy piGav Siaipwv Kat Tpoarste karadeiv. Hipp. Ulcer. 881: dpov pvAXa év olvy kat eral ebijoac tpoorOeic karadciv. Hipp. Intern. Affect. 545: ira Karadijoat bxwe pn ekiréon 6 poTdc. Galen. Meth. Med. v. 4 (x. 320): rw Aker wav7t wAciotov éemitiMicOw, KaradcicOw & eEwlev 2& dAdvng év brodecpidr. Galen. Antid. ii. 14 (xiv.

189) : ravra, émiriPer emi ro Onypa, Tawidiw KaTadjaac.

28 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

*roavua. This is the only place in the N. T. where the word rpaipa is used; elsewhere 7Anyi is the word employed, e.g. Rev. xiii. 3. 12. 14. Hipp. De Dieb. Judic. 57: kat brd Tpavpatwy ovTOG EAKeTat cic ToUTIGAev. Hipp. Praedic. 98: ruvOdvecBa 02 ypn eat mace Toto agiow Adyou Tpabma- ow. Hipp. Praedic. 100: ra 08 rpdépara ra év roto apBporot. Hipp. Coac. Progn. 199: émt rpwmace oraspoe eryevomevog xakév. Hipp. Coac. Progn. 200: év rotor rpwpact é¢ rHv égpvv. Hipp. De Morb. 508: Biaov rpavya. Galen. Remed. Parab. iii. (xiv. 578): kat ra rpavuara tmapaxoAd\a kat bytatve. Galen. Comp. Med. ii. 2 (xiii. 184): éwt 62 rev Tpavpdtwy Kat dArcypover émireDepévov. Galen. Comp. Med, i. 7 (xiii. 402): evatuwv re rpavparwy KodAnriKoy UTapXel- Galen. Comp. Med. ii. 6 (xiii. 508): ra mu) wavy peyada Tpabmara Kat EAkn cuvovdovory.

* trexéev, peculiar to St. Luke, is of frequent occurrence in the medical writers, and often, too, used in conjunction with Z\aov or oivoc, or both together. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 628 : émyéac Te TOE TOUTO Oivov Kal xALhvacg KAVoat—émLX EAC 7d péAt Kat ZAatov KAbcat. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 651: kat oivoy érixéwy Kat EXaov iy Soxéy 62 avTi aX pnoToe eivat H Tuptn., Hipp. Intern. Affect. 561: <ira émvyéae EXatov toov Ty otvy kat Ospuijvac adstbar toAAW Oepuy TO copa. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 643°: oivoy 62 éatyéar yAvKdv Soov KorbdAnv ArTiKny Kat zAatov réraptov pépoc KxotvAng. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 651: ec Thy UTapxYovoav Tupinv Kat oivoy émryéat iv Soxéy SeioBat Kat ZAatov kat robrw wupijcOa. Hipp. Nat. Mul. 585: émyéac ZAaov, trerra aroxéac KAvCev. Dioscorides, Mat. Med. 1. 54; éxtyer Gupaxivov tAaov. Dios. Mat. Med. 58: kai émtyee tAalov rocovrov. Galen. Medic. Temper. ill. 9 (ix. 360): Kata TE THe KEpaAdje émtyéovTa Kal TOI¢g wotv évorasavra Kat Talc plolv éyxéovra.

*Z\aiov kat oivoc. Wine and oil were usual remedies for sores, wounds, &c., and also used as internal medicine. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 656: fv d& ai pijrpa eSioywor, wepwihag avrag Udare xAepwo Kat adrsibac eAaiy Kal otvy. Hipp.

§ xxr.] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 29

Affect. 526: oior AoveoPar pu Evudéper, adrelpev olvy cat thai. Hipp. Artic. 829: go.a putapa év édaly Kal oivy Karap- paivovra xAtspoior avwOev émiréyyev karadeiv Oé. Hipp. Ulcer. 881: eipra padOaxa éridijoa, pihvac olvy Kat éAaiy. Hipp. Epid. 1157: XAtivov xarat\dooe reppvypévov év olvy AevKM kat éAaiw devovra. Aretaeus, Cur. Acut. Morb. 98: devbévra olvy kal adsipare TH ad Tie zXaing. Dios. Mat. Med. 11. 205: kat éAalw per olvou Tote Témore éetryptécfw. Dios. Medic. Parab. ii. 128: dpaxortiov piCav jer’ olvov Kal éAalov WOTIGE. Galen. Comp. Med. v. 1 (xii. 815): avamtXacce otrApiw Aly per’ 2Xatov kai olvov. Galen. Antid. ii. 17 (xiv. 201): dédou Eva TpdxXLoKOV ET olvov Kat éAatov.

* tryucAcioNar is met with once elsewhere in the N. T. (1 Tim. iii. 5), but not in a medical sense; it was used in medical language of the care taken by physicians aud others of the sick, or of some injured part of the body, opposed to apuerciv. Hipp. Rat. Vic. 868: pnd imdpyea avréowe Tov adrAwy apeAhoavtac é~auvtov vyetne emyseAcioOa. Hipp. Fract. 756: a@ ov kapra éuedgovrac of inrpot. Hipp. Morb. 456: kat érimedéovrar paddAov tHv taOnuatwv. Hipp. Morb. 486: ratra row amadXacerat tig votcov xpovy, iy Oe py ereAjoy, EvvatoOvicka. Hipp. Fract. 766: rrépune Of akpne Kapta ypr) emiedrcioIar, we cv0éwe Exou kal év rotor Kata Kvhuny Kal Ev TOloL Kata pNpov KaTHymace. Hipp. Moch. 853: iv xpnorae emmednPoow, Wore kai Aw Batvortee TH moot, &e. Galen. Morb. Anim. Cur. 8 (xix. 44): émedActoOar Tov owpuatog vyevwc. Galen. Meth. Med. iv. 4 (x. 260): aif’ vorepoy émiedtira Tov TavToe cwparoc. Galen. Meth. Med. xii. 6 (x. 891): wwe obv yph ce Tov TavTbe cwmaTog émeAciaBar woxOnpwe ciakxeymzvov. Galen. Comp. Med. viii. 4 (xiil. 169): evrovovvrac piv, we tpostpnrat Aobcag ériedod, el 0& aTovoiev.

There is here another instance of St. Luke’s habit of con- tinuing to use medical words outside the medical subject he is treating of. Thus we have * zravépyeoOa, which is of fre- quent use in connexion with disease in the medical writers,

30 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I,

and was technically applied to a class of diseases. Galen. Comm. iii. 96, Praedic. i. (xvi. 711): SnAovvree dC abrov'ra eravepyYomeva voonmara, KaAovoL O& éravepyOmEVa vootmata TA perpidoavra piv i oAlyov, avOic Of wapoSuvOévra. Hipp. Morb. 509. xat 6 2 abrov éavidOor é¢ tiv vovcov. Galen. Comm. ii. 30, Morb. Acut. (xv. 569): rwv yokwy ovderépac zraverQetn cic aiuaroe ovotav Ovvauévnc. Galen. Comm. ii. 28, Humor. (xvi. 310): 6 opvypbc avrixa piv avipadrée te Kat ” , aAt o iJ b) 4A ‘ - ° dTakToe yiwomevoc, OAlyov © VoTEpov Eic TO KaTa Poly eTavEA- Oov. Galen. Comm. i. 17, Aph. (xvii. B. 483): otrwe tye Kam Tov aluatog Kal yap Kal ToUTO peyaAne piv THe CvapDopac t4 > (Ree) 2, , 3 A 4A ‘ ie

yevouévng ouKér éravépyetai mpoc TO Kata gvoiv. Galen. Comm. ii. 51, Praedic. 1. (xvi. 622): twv orepewv tic TO Kata pvow éravepxouévwv. Galen. Comm. iv. 12, Artic. (xvii. A.679): er \ la cys , 5 BS > , Q ,

iva wy TaAw emt Thy EuTpoaVev Scactpodyy ewaverDy TO pdptov. Galen. Comp. Med. x. 2 (xiii. 333) : pnkére eXrione sie riv > , ? > ~ 2 ~ , 0 SF: 0 apxaiay Katdotacww axpiBwc eraveADetv dtvacbar 76 apOpov. Galen. Comp. Med. vi. 2 (xiii. 866): ci piv yap ei¢ 76 Kata

piv yap

poow iraveAOciv idvvato Tov dfppatoc 1 Saeco. Galen. Comm. il. 8, Progn. (xviii. B 119): Wore ei rizoag rd oldnua cir OAtyov VoTEpo cic THY EuTpooDEY emavép-

KotAaivecbat xeo8a katdoraou.

St. Luke alone uses *2ravépyeoOat, as also the very rare word *avrimapipyecOa. This latter is used by Galen. De Hipp. et Plat. Decret. iii. 7 (v. 840): ody we avtirapérOorév Tiveg Hac emt rou éykepadov Kal Tv oTAGYXVwY AéyovTEC Kal TOU ITaTOC.

*euykxupla. Hippocrates uses the rare form ovykupia, Vet. Med. 11: for yap oiow avréwy Evppéper povootréev, Kat

~ “8 .y , ~ > Cod ’ 7 ” j if. TOUTU ola TO Euppépov TOLOLY QAUTOLOLY era&avTo aAvAotct TE aploTay Ola Tv avTiy avayKny, OUTW yap avrotc Evupepe, Kal ‘ , c Dike \ DN > \ U > ra pn TOUTOLGLY Of OL HOOVIV, 7) OL GAAHV TLVa GUYyKUpIny ErEeThOEv- cav O7érepov avréwv. Hipp. Humor. 49: oiov Atma, ducop-

, 5) , Ai; . CoULEAN , rn , , Th ynotat, emBuular, ra awd ovyKupinc, AvThuata yvoune. e word ovrzvyxia, identical in meaning and similarly formed (cuvyxupsiv = cuvtvyyxavew), 1s often met in the medical writers. In the following passage it is used as ovyxvupia is in St. Luke.

wa

§ xxi. ] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 31

Galen. Synops. de Puls. 21 (ix. 495): OXdoae tig Tov pécou SaxréXov Tov Kara TO TpwTOY apOpov TévovTa, KaTa GUVTUXIaV érépwv aitiwy érvpetev, “took fever through a concurrence or coincidence of other causes.”

On repi7imrey seo § 66.

§ XXOD

*iAkwuévoc. EXkoc. *Kkatap~byev. *ddvvacba. * yaoma. oTnpiCecv.

Parable of the rich man and Lazarus.—Luke, xvi. 19-26: There was a certain rich man, which was clothed in purple and fine linen, and fared sumptuously every day: and there was a certain beggar named Lazarus, which was laid at his gate full of sores (jAxwpévoc), and desiring to be fed with the crumbs which fell from the rich man’s table: moreover the dogs came and licked /is sores (ra EAxn avrov.) And it came to pass, that the beggar died, and was carried by the angels into Abraham’s bosom: the rich man also died, and was buried ; and in hell he lift up his eyes, being in torments, and seeth Abraham afar off, and Lazarus in his bosom. And he cried and said, Father Abraham, have mercy on me, and send Lazarus, that he may dip the tip of his finger in water, and cool (karatEn) my tongue; for L am tormented (odvvy@par) in this flame. But Abraham said, Son, remember that thou in thy lifetime receivedst thy good things, and likewise Lazarus evil things: but now he is comforted, and thou art tormented (ddvvaca.) And beside all this, between us and you there is a great gulf (yaopua) fixed (éorhpixrat) : so that they which would pass from hence to you cannot; neither can they pass to us, that would come from thence.

*e\xovo0a, peculiar to St. Luke was the regular medical term for “to be ulcerated.” Hipp. Coac. Progn. 163: papvy& EAxovpévn. Hipp. Affect. 522: rite xowWime mavra- mas wAKxoupévye. Hipp. Morb. 513: rije xboriog HAKoupé- vnc. Hipp. Morb. 514: 7) c& KowAin i7d Tov dappaxov ovx

32 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

EX\koura. Hipp. Praedic. 102: kivdvvoc 7H re Képy EAKwOij- vac kai Toto. Aepapoor. Aretaeus, Sign. Acut. Morb. 15: E\kourat 62 Kal aprnpia. Diosc. Mat. Med. ii. 126: ktborw eiAkwuévnv. Galen. Comp. Med. vu. 2 (xii. 491): )AKwpé- vnv aptnpiav. Galen. Comp. Med. i. 4 (xiii. 383): éXkw- Bévrwv yeméOrXwv. Galen. Comp. Med. iii. 2 (xiii. 577): HAkwuévov Tov SaxtbAvv TPwWTOVv apOpov.

é\xoc, used by one other N. T. writer (Rev. xvi. 2), was the medical term for an ulcer. Hippocrates has written a treatise on the subject, Iept “EAxwy, 870.

* carapoyxev, peculiar to St. Luke. yvyew and its com- pounds were very much used in medical language (see § 74). St. Luke employs four of them. Hipp. Coac. Progn. 182: Tolct TvEevpariototy ~ovel TUPETOS VaoTEepov OEE ETA UTOXOV- dpidu Evytdvovu xarapuyOeior. Hipp. Coac. Progn. 183: ypu- Tovvrat o: dvuxec Kal Karabbyovra. Hipp. Coac. Progn. 126: 6AgOptoe év O&éou Karavypévoror. Hipp. Epid. 1210: kal TO piv capa metplwe kare~oxOn. Hipp. Praedic. 70: ra év TOLE PpEviTiKOiot pera KaTaPbSewe TrveAiCovTa piAava ave- petra. Aretaeus, Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 58: ov a é2 thot Kou- Aujot TO Euputrov Ocpudv catepbyOn. Diosc. De Venen. 17: TapaxoAovbet katapopa pera karLbEewc. Diosc. Animal. Ven. 4: rérog ovre SiwdynKkwe ove TweplOeouoc, aAAa pETpiwe pev vrépv0poc, te d2 Twv évavtiwy kara~uypévoc. Galen. Comm. ii. 24, Morb. Acut. (xv. 561): xarapiye ra dkpa Tov owpa- voc. Galen. Comm. i. 19, Humor. (xvi. 178): érady d2 év Tale voTepikaic KaTéPuKTal TO TAY owpa.

* sdvvacOa, “to be in pain,” is used four times in the writings of St. Luke, and nowhere else in the New Testa- ment. It was employed in medical language. Hupp. Morb. Mul. 663: xat ddvvatat 76 Te irpov. Hipp. Praedic. 110: cloéval Xp1) TOUTOUE THY Kepadiy odvvwpévovg. Hipp. Coac. Praedic. 211: & ro.otrwyv vroxdvopiov ddvvwvta. Hipp. Fract. 758 : dua rovro aAXore Kal dAAoTE OdvYVwVTaL Ta TPdE 7 Kvn. Hipp. Epid. 1122: Ddawev aivwe 6 dp0adpoc dduvepevoc. Hipp. pid. 1148: EvméAsuog wduvaro ioxiov

§ xxu.] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 33

rd SeEidv. Aretacus, Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 63: etre yap amroupfovat Kijv UTeoTt Kal 6 AiMog Sdvvéovtra. Galen. Comm. 32, Rat. Vic. (xv. 222): ddvvmvra: ywpic Tov Ttupéicce. Galen. Comp. Med. ii. 7 (xii. 815): rig EXkwoewe 7 oLayvw- oie &k Tov cadwe ddvvacOa. Galen. Comm. i. 55, Artic. (xviii. A. 490): kal yap ta Wray’ ddvvara.

St. Luke here also continues the use of medical words by employing two which in their medical meaning must have been in common use with physicians, viz., yaouna and ornpi- Cav. yaoua, xacudc, and yaoun were used to express “the cavities in a wound or ulcer,” “ the open mouth,” “ yawning.” Hipp. Ulcer. 881: kat OpdéuPov aiparog év rotor yaopoce uy} gav. Hipp. Artic. 797: éxmimre piv yvabog odiyakic, oxarat pévtoe ToAAaKic év Xadopaciv. Hipp. Vet. Med. 12: ydounc TE Kal vuorayuov Kal oi~nce mAtpnc. Hipp. Epid. 1020: Xdoun, BnE, wrapudc. Hipp. Epid. 1025: inriprov ovvexéwv Xaopéwrv, paxpdmvovc. Hipp. Hpid. 1260: addxnv, xaounv pptkynv oivoe toocg tow mivdmevoc Ava. Galen. Comm. 1. 18, Humor. (xvi. 172): kat mrappot kat xaoua. Galen. Comm. iii. 6, Hpid. ii. (xvii. A. 396): cabarep yaoun kal cxopdivicpo¢ yivovra. Galen. Comm. 10. 13, Epid. i. (xvii. A. 418) : ovrw Kal Tac ydaopuag idoera. Galen. Caus. Puls. il. 6 (vil. 196) : of O& ckopoiicpol Kal ai yaopat THC avTig pév, adda pérprat.

St. Luke is the only New Testament writer who has used ornpiZew in the sense (here and ix. 51) “to fix firmly.” It is used elsewhere, both by him and the other writers, as mean- ing “to strengthen,” ‘to confirm.” By the medical writers it is employed to signify a pain or disease firmly fixed or deep-seated in the body, or to describe a weapon firmly planted in a wound. Hipp. Morb. Acut. 402: 7) é¢ oxéAea 7} é¢ ioxia otnpiéy 4 Odvvn. Hipp. Intern. Affect. 559: éviore O& Kal é¢ THY Kepadyny eativnc Gdbvn ornpide d&ein. Hipp. Aph. 1250: arap iv rporerovnkde tt %, TPO TOU vooéELY, évtava ornpiZer 1) vovcoc. Hipp. Vuln. Cap. 898: ei riyn TO BéA0e¢ é¢ avuTiv Tv pany ornptx Jév. Aretaeus, Sign. Morb. Acut. 2: roicde wiv ody ev 7H Kepady TO KaKov éoTn-

EF

34 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

pix9n. Galen. Comm. iv. 62, Morb. Acut. (xv. 847): 7 ei tic aréotnpa ornptxOp. Galen. Comm. i. 18, Humor. (xvi. 149): oT Of Of TL Ev TH MOpiy gatnpLypévov Smep 2voxAc. Galen. Comm. iv. 63, Morb. Acut. (xv. 849): gay sic awdornua morte oup[n otnpigae Tov Avyywoy wuperov. Galen. Comm. iil. 10, Humor. (xvi. 883): roy ék xepadiic pevuatwv év papuyyet orn- ptxBévtrwv. Galen. Loc. Affect. i. 2 (viii. 23): gornprypévy o: kal? Ev 7 pepo 7H TOVY.

There is one particular mentioned in this parable which comes aptly from a physician—that the dogs licked the sores of Lazarus. It is thus put by St. Cyril—“ The only atten- tion, and, so to speak, medical dressing, which his sores re- ceived was from the dogs who came and licked them.”

§ XXIII. * Bao. *opupa. “*orepeouv. * 2&adAcoOa.

The healing of the lame man at the Beautiful gate of the temple.—Acts, iii. 1-8: Now Peter and John went up together into the temple at the hour of prayer, being the ninth hour, and a certain man lame from his mother’s womb was carried, whom they laid daily at the gate of the temple which is called Beautiful, to ask alms of them that entered into the temple; who seeing Peter and John about to go into the temple asked an alms. And Peter, fastening his eyes upon him with John, said, Look on us. And he gave heed unto them, expecting to receive something of them. Then Peter said, Silver and gold have I none; but such as I have give I thee: In the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth rise up and walk. And he took him by the right hand, and lifted him up: and immediately his feet (ai Bacee) and ancle bones (ra opupa) received strength (gorepewOnoav). And he leaping up (@€adAGpevoc) stood and walked, and entered with them into the temple, walking, and leaping, and praising God.

* Bdore peculiar to St. Luke. The words employed to descrihe the seat of the lameness tend to show that the writer

§ xxi. ] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 35

was acquainted with medical phraseology, and had investi- gated the nature of the disease under which the man suffered. Baare is thus described by Galen. Usus Part. iii. 6 (iii. 195) : A > e ~ , , ~ oa cd A: , v TO © UmoKeluevon TH KVTUY MépOG TOV TOddE, w TO oKéAOe bAOV émtkerrat Kar’ ev0d, Td KoWwodv aTavTwv TodwY, ev piv Svoua ToLovTOY, Oloy Kal Tapade Kal medlov, OdK EXE. GbyKELTaL 8 ik TpLwY OoTwY OvOpaTa KEKTHUEVWY, AoTpaydAoDV Liv Kat Trépyneg auvnPwe roic moXXoic, tpirov d2 Tov oKaposdove, bTd THY avaroutkwv iatpwv ovTw TeBévtoc. Tobrorg piv povolie ovdev pene > N , 5) >» > = , , avaXayov év yepi pdpiov, GAN Lori axpiBwc Bacewe pdvne dpyava. ta 0 aAXa Tavta Badcewe OM dua cat avTirAHWewe. Hipp. Artic. 824: yap pow) woAX) av ein tov ioxtwv emt TOND ‘tig ToUTIow UTEpexdvTWY UTip TOU TOdvE Tie Bactoc

hv ddXAwe 2icAGor Sia TovTO Gre H Bdote Tov TOddE KaTa THY apxainv Wvwpinv zoriv. Galen. Usus Part. iii. 6 (iii. 194): ) kat Tt mpdceott avrole Erepov Tepitrétepov we Pacewe Opyavoic; ov opikpdv ye TovVTO OVE TO TUXdV, aAN Srep padtora Kowwdy zottv atavrwy Todwyv. The word was used also just as “base” is now in medical language. Aret. Sign. Morb. Dinturn. 100: 7 kovte de3pcéOn méxpre doréov TOU Tig UTEpwNE Kal Ta TaploOua aypt [actog Kal émvyAwT- Ticoc. Dioscor. Med. Parab. i. 214: aiuoppoic tk tiie Bacewe aroAvopévn. Hipp. Fract. 778: 76 pévroe apOpov MévEel Ev TH) EWUTOV YHpY. iowe yap 1 Paote avtéov TabTy UTE- péxe. Galen. Loc. Affect. ii. 12 (vill. 203): éi roy éyxépadov kata THY Pao avrov.

* opupa, the technical term for the ankles, thus defined by Galen. Medicus 10 (xiv. 708): ra 02 wépara rev rij¢ Kvi- ung doTwy sic Te TO Evdoy pépog Kal cig 7b tw eéyovra, opupa Tpocayopeverat, TA Of ATO TOV ohUpwY KUplwe TOOdEC Aéyovra.

*arepeovr, to make firm, solid, was, in medical language, applied to the bones in particular (so also orepede, ¢. g. oreped dara as opposed to dpaia dora); though it was used also of other parts of the body and of the body itself, &e. Hipp. Epid. 1031: gor Gy ra doréacrepewOy. Hipp. Vuln. Cap. 910: rev dé radiwn

36 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

Ta OoTéa Kat AerTOrepa éort Kat waADakwrepa Kal OUTE TUKVA OUTE orepea. Hipp. Fract. 774: ra piv yap apaidrepa tov doréwy Oaccov adiarara ra O& otepewrepa Spadvrepov. Galen. Comm. ili. 384, Hpid. ii. (xvii. A. 452): dévavrai 0: Kal U6 Tig TEvpaTw- aewe eEoyKovc0ar of pactol Kalarep ék Tie akpactac H KEpadn av- aéverat, oT Gv 7a Ootéa otepewOy, Sep 2v ToI¢ Tatol PpadvrEpov okAnpiverai. Galen. Medicus 9 (xiv. 676) : tcyovra piv ovv éotwv Goa ateped, Gata kal vevpa. Hipp. Vic. Rat. 344: (EuBpvovr) kal tpocdyerat Tv TpOpHy awd THY éoLdvTWY eC THY yuvaika ottiwy Kal rvebparoc, Ta piv TewWTAa TATA Spuotwe, Ewe dptt dpaidy éoriv, UTO Of THE KLVHoLOG Kal TOU TUpd¢ Enpalvyrat Kal oTepeouTal, oTEpeoupevoy Of TUKVOUTa Twépis. Galen. Epid. vi. Comm. ii. 49 (xvii. A. 1006): dre piv Oarrov exivhOn re Kat ovvéotn, TouTéotiy emayn TE Kal ZoTEepEeWOn. fuera TavTa O avée- ta. Bpadvrepoy tov Ohreoc ro appev. Do. 51 (1008): dua TOUTO TO AppEV oTEPEWTEPOY TE Kal YOAWOéGTEpOV Kal EvatpdrE- pov yevéoOa. Galen. Medicus 11 (xiv. 712) : orepeot vpévec kal xtr@vec waxeic cioww. Galen. Med. Def. 33 (xix. 356) : OUVeSTHKEY MOY TA GHpaTa Ek OTEDEWY, VYPWY Kal TYEVMATWY. OTEPEN piv OUY ZaTLY Gora, XOvepoL, vEvpa, NEC.

Here also as often, St. Luke continues the use of medical words. *z&a\XeoOa, peculiar to St. Luke, was applied in medical language to the sudden starting of a bone from the socket, the sudden bound of the pulse from slow to quick, starting from sleep, &e. Hipp. Artic. 811: Gre 6 re vwriatog movoly av, ci && bALyou ywplov Tiv mwEepikauTy EXoL TOLAdTHY YEadow %adAopévov crovdvAov—ék od Tov dmicbev ov pni- Suov rowabrnvy eadow (orovdvAwv) yevéoba é¢ Td elow ei py iripBapb 7 ax9oc zuméoo. Galen. Different. Puls. i. 14 (viii. 529): kaBamep addouévne ric apteptac éx THe BpaduTi- ro¢ ei¢ To Taxoc. Galen. Tremor. vi. 6 (vil. 624): 7d cuyye- vie tpuov Ozoudv—ypijcoua o dvdpacww ovdk euoig aXN avdpav rarawv—KabarrEcOat te cat cuvwHetioPau—?EG OF pepduevov éxphyvuc0a Kai 2ad\dcoOa. Galen. de Comate, 3 (vu. 658) : To aoa plirrovew adoywe, ebalpune TE Kal TapappovyrmKws

2€4AAovrat oracpov Oikynv. Galen. Medic. Parab. ii. 5 (xiv. 419):

ee

§ xxtv.] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 37

dvnQov strortOe: bd thy Kepalyy py ywewokorToe, Tot St TOUTO Tpde TOVE &k oKyuTOdWY eEadXopEevove.

St. Luke gives some medical notes of this case, viz., that the disease was congenital—had lasted over forty years, iv. 22—and the progressive steps of the recovery, he leaped up, stood, walked, &e.

§ XXIV.

*expoyew. ovorédAckcv.

Ananias and Sapphira struck dead.— Acts, v. 5,6: And Ananias hearing these words fell down, and gave up the ghost (t&élvée): and great fear came on all them that heard these things. And the young men arose, wound him up (svvéoretAay), and carried him out, and buried him: y. 10: Then fell she down straightway at his feet, and yielded up the ghost (eépvEev).

The very rare word ék{tyev seems to be almost alto- gether confined to the medical writers, and very seldom used by them. It is also met in the LXX., Ezekiel, xxi. 7. St. Luke uses it three times—here, and ch. xii. 23, of the death of Herod. Hipp. Morb. 453: kat guégovaw adXore piv Upamor, aAAore Of TeALOvdv, tuéovor SO? Kal préyua Kal yoAry Kal expuxovor TuKva, éexpuxovory C2 Oia TOV aluatoe THY METaOTA- ow earivnc ywvouévnv. Hipp. Morb. 447: xapot 82, 76 piv kaQarag simeiv wodXol ré ciow emt TH Téxvy Kal TavTotoL, dorep kal ra voohuara kal ta Taljpata Kal rovTwy Ocparéiat, got O& O€braror piv dooce 7) éxYuyovor Oct re WHeATjoa, Ke. Galen, Humor. Comm. ii. 22 (xvi. 283): rdre yap wavra mpoc Kkepadny avadéperar kal Ta akpsa padtora piv of TddEc éxbxovra. Aretaeus, Sign. Morb. Acut. 16: kai inzpine aTvic Kal ExpuEec ixavyn. (See § 74.)

svotéAXcy, “wound him up.” This word is met with in one other passage in the N. T., 1 Cor. vii. 29: 6 katpde ouvectaApévoc, “ the time is short’’; and is found only once in classical Greek in the sense it bears in this passage, “to

38 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

shroud.” Eurip. Troad. 378: wétdore ovvectadnoav. In medical language the word is very frequent and its use varied: one use was almost identical with that here, viz., “to bandage a limb,” “ to compress by bandaging.” It was used also of the contraction of tumours and various organs of the body, compactness of the body itself, &c. Duoscorides, Mat. Med. iii. 83: 7d adpOpov yph O& otevw orapyavy cvo- ré\Aav. Hipp. Offic. 744: trddsore piv aitin ote adec- TWTa TpooTeiAal 7) ekweTTapéva ovoTetAat 7) ovveoraApéva duacreiAa. Galen. Comm. ii. 14, Offic. (xvii. B. 761): 79 6: lyvin cuvectadmévoy Tov éaidecouov meptBadsv. Galen. De Fasciis, 6 (xviii. A. 780): Sévarat roivuy émideote Ta piv apesT@ta TpooreiAal, Ta Of exTETpaypéva ovoreiAa. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 597: we Evvecradpévov re aqua Td copa eivat kat evoyxov. Hipp. Epid. 1211: xat prAéBec rac ai tv TH TpocwTw pavepat ouUTW EvvecraApévat. Dioscor. Med. Parab. li. 63: Ewe ay tkavoe 6 OyKog ovorady. Dioscor. Mat. Med. iv. 181: kat wrepbyra ra év Saxrédog ovoréh\Au. Galen. Med. Defin. 220 (xix. 409): réEte rév ypdvwyv év oi¢ dtiorav- Tal al aptnplat Tpdo¢ Tove év oi¢ ovoTéAAovTa. Galen. Anat. Muscul. (xviii. B. 989): ai piv ovv éxroc vec év roie avwHev pépeot TOV TAEVpwY SiactéAXOVOL TOV AwpaKa, cvaTéAoVEL OF ai dua above.

§ XXYV.

9 *anominrev. *Xemidec. *émoydev.

St. Paul’s sight restored.—Acts, ix. 17-19: And Ananias went his way, and entered into the house; and putting his hands on him said, Brother Saul, the Lord, even Jesus, that appeared unto thee in the way as thou camest, hath sent me, that thou mightest receive thy sight, and be filled with the Holy Ghost. And immediately there fell (avémecov) from his eyes as it had been scales (woet Aewidec): and he received sight forthwith, and arose, and was baptized. And when he had received meat, he was strengthened (évioyvaev).

9 xxv.] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 39

We have two other accounts of his conversion from St. Paul himself, in one of which (ch. xxvi.) he does not mention his blindness ; in the other (ch. xx.) he mentions the blind- ness and his recovery of sight, but not the particular circum- stances attending it recorded here. He merely says: “And one Ananias came unto me, and stood, and said unto me, Brother Saul, receive thy sight, And the same hour I looked up upon him.” St. Luke, however, records in ad- dition the circumstances which would obviously interest a physician; and in doing so he uses strictly medical terms. *anominrav is used of the falling off of scales from the cuticle and particles from diseased parts of the body or bones, &e. ; and in one instance, by Hippocrates, of the scab, caused by burning in a medical operation, from the eyelid; and *Azmi¢ is the medical term for the particles or scaly sub- stance thrown off from the body; it and avozimrav are met with in conjunction. Hipp. De Videndi Acie, 689: 76 BAépapov émikavoa }) TH avOe Ont AEeTTY TpooTeiAm, Otay O2 aToTécn n tox apa, intpebew ta Aouad. Hipp. Progn. 39: ra od? peAar- Oévra Tov cwparoc amomeceiv. Hipp. Artic. 831: oicr pnpov pépoc te amorinre: kal TWY capKwWY Kal Tov doréov. Hipp. Artic. 832: ra doréa WiAovmeva arominrav. Hipp. Moch. 860: ai O& Tey doTiwy aToTTWoLEG 1) Gv Ta SpLa Tig YrWoLoE H, TavTH amoTimtovcr [padvrepov Oé. Dioscor. Mat. Med. li. O: peta C2 THY aTovAWow Tov KaTaKabpaToe avTOmaToV atominrs. Dioscor. Mat. Med. v. 182: avominre: yap avtouarov aTovAware Vytacévtwv rev EAkwv. Dioscor. Med. Parab. i. 214: anominre: év tyuwply amotnpavopévn 1 aimoppoic. Galen. Comm. ui. 21, Aliment. (xv. 348): ra 6uota mitbpoe amd TOU Tic KEpadne Sépparoe ToAAAKiC aTominra. Galen. Meth. Med. ad Glauc. ii. 11 (xi. 1388): Omwe aroréoyn Oarrov 7 tox apa aTOTTWALEC TWY aXAPWD.

*\eric, peculiar to St. Luke; as is also *arominrev. Galen. Comm. ii. 23, Offic. (xviii. B. 781): wodAdkie yap arocyxicec GoTwy Kal AEmwidec amomimrovow. Galen. Med. Defin. 295 (xix. 428): tof Gre piv cal Aezicac awomizreaw. Galen. De

40 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

Atra Bile, 4 (v. 115): 76 cepa wav wepreenvOnoe pédacw eEavOhpaow duolore, éviore O& kat olov Aemle amémuTte Enpawvo- pévwy Te Kal dcapopoupévwv aitov. Galen. Med. Temper. et Facul. xi. 1 (xii. 319): xat tov dépparog adiorarat re Kat anomizra kalanep re A€rog 1 Ewioeppic Ovomalouévn. Hipp. Intern. Affect. 581: derida¢g amd tig aprnping avoPijoowv atoora. Dioscor. Mat. Med. i. 18: Badcayov avaye oc kal Aewidac. Dioscor. Mat. Med. iti. 4: Aewidace doTwyv Kara- TAacoopévn adiorna. Galen. Comm. i. 21, Aliment. (xv. 348): apioravrar 6 Kai at AeTideg TOV Sépparog Kal UT TAC Aetidac Tém0¢ épevOéorepoc. Galen. Comm. 4, Aph. (xvii. A. 12): 7} Kat ro déppa Aerioac ewiToXje agiév.

On *ivoyxvev see Luke, xxii. 45 (§ 56).

§ XXVI. * rapaXeAupévoc.

Eneas healed.—Acts, ix. 33: And there he found a cer- tain man named Aineas, which had kept his bed eight years, and was sick of the palsy (mapaXeAvpévoc).

On zapaXseAupévoc see Luke, v. 18 (§ 5). There is here given a medical note of the length of time the disease had lasted. St. Luke gives this in other cases, e. g. the woman with a spirit of infirmity was eighteen years ill; the woman with an issue of blood twelve years; the lame man at the gate of the temple was forty years old, and his disease con- genital.

§ XXVII. * avaxabiZav.

Tabitha restored to life—Acts, ix. 40,41: But Peter put them all forth, and kneeled down and prayed; and turning him to the body said, Tabitha, arise. And she opened her

-_ EEE

} XXVIII. | THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 41

eyes: and when she saw Peter, she sat up (avéxafioe). And he gave her his hand, and lifted her up.

On *avaxafiZew, used of patients sitting up in bed, see Luke vu. 15 (§ 10). The use of this word in both places— of the widow’s son at Nain in the Gospel, and of Tabitha here—points to the identity of authorship of the Gospel and Acts of the Apostles, as well to the hand of a physician as the author. Similar instances are tapaXeAupévoe in Luke, v. 18, and in Acts, ix. 33, and cuvexouévn wupere) (Luke, iv. 38), and muperoic cuveyouevov (Acts, xxvil. 8).

The circumstantial details of the gradual recovery of Tabitha—opened her eyes—sat up—he gave her his hand and lifted her up—are quite in the style of medical description.

§ XXVIII.

*o EKOTAOLC.

Acts, x. 10: And he became very hungry, and would have eaten: but while they made ready, he fell into a trance (Exoraotc).

St. Luke alone employs zcsrasie in this sense, here and xi. 5, xxii. 17. St. Mark also uses the word, but in the sense of “ wonder,” ‘‘amazement.”’ As a medical term its use is frequent. Hipp. Praedic. 94: ai piv yap puedayyoAucal abrau ékoTaoiec ov Avoiredéec. Hipp. Coac. Progn. 126: ai év TUpETOLAL EKaTAGLEC GLYWou ju) APwvy rA€Ipiau. Hipp. Coac. Progn. 167: of kara kowWiny év upset waApot ixordovac moovow. Hipp. Coac. Progn. 195: ai oty@oa ixordouec OVX HovyaCovoa, Ompace wepiPAérovea, Treva avapépovaa., orAOpiu. Hipp. Aph. 1258: ei paving ducevrepin 7) Vepwh txotaoig ayafdv. Aretaeus, Sign. Morb. Diutur. 36: pavin. ekoTacic yap tot. TO cbuTav xpdviog dvevOev TupETOD. Dioscor. Mat. Med. iv. 73: wAsiovee 62 roBévrec txoraciw epyaCovra. Galen. Med. Defin. 485 (xix. 462): %orasiec go7iv OAryoxpdviocg pravia. Galen. Medicus, 13 (xiv. 732):

G

42 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART 1.

ppevizic piv ovy zoriv Exoracre Stavolag peTa TapakoTe apoo- pac. Galen. Comm. ii. 53, Praedic. ii. (xvi. 631): kav iaxupwe ékorarikov TovTwWY yivera 70 TANG, OV Tapappoobrny

G Ne ap \ ov eed 5) , ATAWC, a EKOTAGLY ELKOTWC ovopagomev.

§ XXIX. * oxwAnkdBpwroc. * ekbbyeu.

Death of Herod Agrippa I.—Acts, xii. 21-23: And upon a set day Herod, arrayed in royal apparel, sat upon his throne, and made an oration unto them. And the people gave a shout, saying, It is the voice of a god, and not of a man. And immediately the angel of the Lord smote him, because he gave not God the glory: and he was eaten of worms (oxwAnkdBpwroc), and gave up the ghost (ever).

Josephus does not mention this disease in his account of the death of Herod Agrippa I. St. Luke, however, had ample opportunity of learning on the spot the exact nature of the malady inflicted on him, as he spent two years at Caesarea with St. Paul, where the occurrence took place.

The term oxwAnxdBpwroc, as applied to disease in the human body, does not occur in any of the medical writers extant. Theophrastus, however, applies it to a disease in plants. C. P.v.9.1: voohpara rév aypiwy ob Aéyera. Tov OF nucpwv Agyera wAsiw, Taxa O& Kal zott Cia THY acbévaarv, WY Ta Mev avwvupa, TA O& Wvomacpéva KaDaTEp 1) Ywpa kal acga- keXiomog Kal aorpdAnra Kal oxwAnkdBpwra. OC. P. v. 11: év oxlvy Of purevdpeva Trav? troy oxwAnkdBpwra Oia TE THY Ocpudryra Kat THY Oophv. H. P. i. 12. 6, De Amygdala: voonpa Of avTwY LoTW WoTE ynpackovTa oKWANKOPpwra yiveo Oat. The component parts of the word, however, are used by the medical writers. (3BpwoKxev is applied to the eating away of the flesh by disease. Hipp. Fist. 885: mpdéo0ev 7 riv cipryya SuaBpwHiiva. Aret. Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 68: ardp cat pAsBia éml That voujor ylyvovrae mepiPpwra. Aret. Sign. Morb.

§ xxx.] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 43

Diuturn. 41: 6 rveipwv avaBpwAee brd Tov duavexDévroe mvov. Aret. Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 70: rade ra Seva Evvd kat Thot aT TWY KaTW éevTépwy Ctafspeceor. Dioscorides, Mat. Med. i. 86: kavfode SeBpwpévove. Galen. Comp. Med. i. 1 (xiii. 366): 6 piv yap ide avaPiBpdoKe Thy HAKoumEVHY GapKa. Galen. Remed. Parab. i. 8 (xiv. 432): duaBeBowopuéva ovAn.

okwAné is used both of worms in sores and of intestinal worms. Dioscor. Medic. Parab. 1. 197: oxéAnkac 2 &«adXe xtetve. Dioscor. Mat. Med. i. 105: oxeéAnkae trove 2v wat Tove emt Toic EAkeoe yevomuévorc. Galen. Meth. Med. v. 10 (x. 3852): éoamn 76 ove TavOpwdTw Kal oKwAnKag Eocxev. Galen. Temper. Medic. vi. 10 (xii. 11): robe év wot okdéAnkac 6 xvrAde avapst. Dioscor. Mat. Med. i. 105 (intestinal): oxw- Ankage Te Kal aoxapioaug éykAvZopnévyn POcipa. That cxwAnkd- Bpwroc may have been a medical term may be inferred in- directly from the fact that non-medical writers express this disease differently. Thus Josephus says of the disease of which Herod the Great died (Antiq. xvii. 6. 5): oie okwAnkac égumowovca. Of Antiochus Epiphanes it is said (2 Mace, ix. 9): Wore kal é Tov cwmarog Tov dvaEf30UG oKU- Anxkac avageiv. Lucian says of Alexander the Impostor (Pseudomant. 59): ciacameie tov wdda péxpt Tov PovBavoe kat oxwAjkwv Zécac. And HKusebius, of the death of Galerius Maximianus (H. EH. vil. 16): 0 tdxoce év Baber cupryywoec kal aviatog vom) KaTa ToV évoordTw oTAayxvwv, ad wv dAexrov te TARV0e oKwAtKwv Bpvev. -Theodoret, of the uncle of Julian the Apostate, states (H. E. v. 8): adrod aidotov oKxWAnkae ErEKEV.

* exbbye (see § 24(. § XXX. “emuminre. *ayrQtc. * okdroc.

Elymas struck blind.—Acts xii. 11: And now, behold, the hand of the Lord is upon thee, and thou shalt be blind, not seeing the sun for a season. And immediately there fe// on

44 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

him (trémeoev im’ avrov) a mist (ayAdbe) and a darkness (oxdroe) ; and he went about seeking some to lead him by the hand.

*tmuminrew is used of an attack of disease here only in N.T. The use of the word in this sense is quite medical. Galen. Comm. iv. 46, Aph. (xvii. B. 724): ob radrov éorw fv emiméon pava kal iy éumia7y, TO piv yap érurécy play Kata[3o- Aj Tov plyove Snot 76 02 Eutinty wAEtovac. Hipp. De Aer. 281: rotor dé wadloww éimiminre oracpove Kat aoOmara. Hipp. De Aer. 287: Wore rove tuperode émiminrew ofurarove aracww—rTov Oipeove éimvyevomévov Kal TOV Kavmatoc Kal Tie peraPorne érvyevopévng Tavra Ta vooebmara émimintav. Hipp. Affect. 5380: phmwe 6 mupetoc émuméonra. Hipp. Intern. Affect. 543: nal Oxdrav gayyn TO Tveva TUKVOY érurimTE avtw. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 592: kat iy torepdy te véonna 7 TaOnnwa emuréon Hote TpvXwOivar ro coua. Hipp. Epid. 1223: yemdvoe df érérece TOAAT OOVYN TAEVpOU Kat Déoun Kat Bné. Hipp. Aph. 1251: iy piyoc éruminta rupero uj Ora- Asimovrt. Hipp. Fract. 888: 1 o& orpayyoupin émumiare éx TWVOE.

* axAve, peculiar to St. Luke. Galen, on the Diseases in the Eyes, rept tov év 6¢0adpoic cvvictapévwv wabov (Medicus 16, xiv. 767), gives axAte as one of them, and describes it (xiv. 774): ayAde O€ tore wept GAov 76 péAav amd EAkwoEwe émim@oAaiov, ovAr AewToTaTH aépr ayAVWOR TapaTAnota. He accounts for the name, Comm. u. 45, Praedic. (xvi. 609) : 76 apavpovpevov Gupa, Kabarep ye Kal TO ayAUVwdEC a’TM TE TH KépvovTe Kat Tog dpwot ylverac SpAOv.—#re Kal dud TWoE ayAvog oiopévy [3AéEv—TpocipyeTa Tolg MEV KaVvOVvOLW avroi¢ aicOnoe oiov axAboe TIVO¢G Ev Tale axyAvwdeow Sect. Galen. Comm. ili. 138 Humor. (xvi. 412): kat ayAtec wept rove OPOaApode yivovra. Galen. Remed. Parab. i. 4 (xiv. 412) : ayAvec TOV opDarpwrv. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 609: zupe- Toc ioxe TO Gapua BAnxpo¢ Kat ayAvc. Dioscor. Mat. Med. ii. 99: kai dyAve avoouhye. Dioscor. Mat. Med. 11.170: caBaipa axrjQJ0e Tae év 6PVaXpotc. Dioscor. Mat. Med. ini. 102: aipe é axe Tac év 6pOuAmoic. Dioscor. Mat. Med. v. 131: ouhye re

Npo0.0 0 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 45

ovAdg Kat ayAve Tac év OPOaApoic. Galen. Med. Defin. 331 (xix. 434) : vepéArdv gor ayAdce 7 EXkworg exiTdXalog Ext TOU péAavoe.

*oxdroe and some of its derivatives are also medical terms, as applied to blindness. Hipp. Vuln. Cap. 903: kai jv 6 tpwbete KapwA), Kat oKxdto¢ meptyv0n Kat Stvog 7) Kar méoy. Hipp. Vuln. Cap. 908: tara tiv dvOpwrov bri Sivéc te tae Kal oxdtog Kal zkapwOn Kai xarérece. Hipp. Epid. 1149: kat rémre tiv Kepadjy tpde Aov opddpa Kat avrow oxdroc karex00n. Hipp. Hpid. 1153: 1 rapAévoe éAhyn rd kara TO Bpéypa Kal Tore wiv éoxoTwOy. Hipp. Epid. 1217: toxotwOn wAnyete Kal Erece, Hipp. Epid. 948: kat cxorwdea Téept Tac OYuac, 7) Kal UToXoVvdpiov Ebyracie per OdbvNe ylyvE- tau. Aretaeus, Sign. Morb. Acut. 61: auavpot tac diac, oxotwoeec. Dioscor. Ven. 11: kwéveov oc mobiv éimpéipn oxoTwpara Kal axAtv. Galen. Remed. Parab. iii. (xiv. 544): gay yévyra ta onueta tavta, cKkoticnoc offadpov. Galen. Med. Defin. 251 (xix. 417): 1) oxorddide¢ gore éredav n Ota Tie OWewe aicOnore eaipvneg aroXrgira Soxobvtwy avrav ok6T0¢ Tepikeyva0a.

The indication of the several stages of the coming on of the blindness, first a dimness, which is succeeded by total darkness, bears traces of medical writing. Compare the de- scription of the healing of the lame man at the temple, ch. iu. 8.

ae. ©, @. Gi is *adbvatoc. * opOdc.

The healing of the lame man at Lystra.—Acts, xiv. 8-10: And there sat a certain man at Lystra, impotent (adbvaroc) in his feet, being a cripple from his mother’s womb, who never had walked : the same heard Paul speak: who stedfastly behold- ing him, and perceiving that he had faith to be healed, said with a loud voice, Stand upright (avaornfi dp06c) on thy feet. And he leaped and walked.

46 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

*advvaroe is frequently used in the N. T. in the meaning “impossible,” but only here in the sense of “impotent,’’ in con- nexion with disease. In one passage, Rom. xv. 1, it bears the signification “weak,” but not in a medical meaning. It is used by the medical writers as it is by St. Luke. Hupp. Praedie. 1. 70: corde, keparadryixy, Supwdst, aypiTvw, acapel, adv- vaTW, Ola Ta TolavTa éATic éxkoTHva. Hipp. Coac. Progn. 125: of wapaddywe, Keveayyeine pu zobong, advbvaror Kakdv. Hipp. Coac. Progn. 146: of kegadadyixol, dupedeee, Uray- puTVvol, aoapgec, AdvvaToL, emt KoA) Vypy KoTUWdEec. Hipp. Coac. Progn. 202: ratryo: rept Kpiow Karapopal Kal advvaror keveadyucwe. Hipp. Morb. Acut. 404: éxdcor d? povoorréovar, Keivoe kat advvaroi eior. Hipp. Intern. Affect. 560: iv cat advvaroc 3 avictacOa. Hipp. Intern. Affect. 558: toveérw TEPLOOOLGLY, IV OUVvaTOE ij. Tv O& dOvVaTOE 1) UTO TwWY TUPETMD. Galen. Usus Part. i. 3 (iil. 7): Coov Kay ére wadakov Kat adv- varov }. Galen. Nat. Facul. 1. 9 (1. 127): eirep yap adbva- To¢ 1 yaoThp zor. Galen. Comm. il. 39, Praedic.: (xvi. 597): Tove doUVAaTOUE Kal appworove.

*6p0dc is used by St. Luke alone, the other passage where it occurs, Heb. xu. 13, being a quotation from the LXX. Hipp. Artic. 820: dp0ot c& jocov toravta oicw av é¢ 70 elow eeapOpion. Hipp. Artic. 824: dpdrepo piv bdo mopycovot. Hipp. Artic. 838: dp6a éorewra. Hipp. Ulcer. 883: éornkdre 6pOy Hy Sbvynra ~Eorava. Galen. Usus Part. il. 3 (ill. 181) : dHAov dre ovdev ET Exelvwy TOY OXNHUATwY aKpl- Buc gory Op0dv. Gor evAdywe eitouev avOpwrov dpDdv pdvov ioracOa. Galen. Usus Part. iii. 3 (iii. 182): dia rovro dp- OH¢ éorava tov avOpwrov. Galen. Usus Part. ii. 16 (iii. 264): dmacay yap Thy év Tole oxéAEot TOY boTwY obvrakl Tol- avrTnv ExwV, Olav toracIa Katwe 6p0Hc—bo0de toracba régu- kev. Galen. Anatom. ix. 4 (ii. 728): rpoomtmrev ciwOev, od p0H¢ cotava. Galen. Comm. roa. Artie. (xvill. A. 494) : Karakeimivon Utiwy ote Op0wc EoTyKOTWY OTE KaOnUEVWY.

See advopOovv, Luke, xiii. 13 (§ 16.)

sk il ol ee ii tii el i ae ie

§xxxim.] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 47

§ XXXII. * amadXacoetv.

Diseases cured at Ephesus.—Acts, xix. 11-12: And God wrought special miracles by the hands of Paul: so that from his body were brought unto the sick handkerchiefs or aprons, and the diseases departed from them (awa\Xacceoba aw avrav ta¢ vdcoue), and the evil spirits went out of them.

*dmra\X\asoev is used by St. Luke in another passage, Luke, xii. 58; it also occurs in Heb. ii. 15. The present, however, is the only place where it is used in connexion with sickness. In this use it is one of the words most frequently occurring in the medical writers. Hipp. Vet. Med. 15: érav idpwoy kai amva\Aayy 6 Tupetoe. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 608: «iv ara\Xdoonra TO VoTEpov Vytatve Kal 1 yur), aTadAdooerat OE éxrain 7) eBdouaty. Hipp. Morb. 458: of d? Ogpuw idpwre idpouvrec TaxUTepov amadAdooovta TwV voonmatwy. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 616: jv & Tpoe THv OlaiTav ThvoEe Ta pEvmara [Li) ataXXaconra. Aretaeus, Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 50: radia piv ovv Kat véow wabety Te pultepor kal awaAAayiva putrepo.. Dios- cor. Mat. Med. ii. 161: zpoorBzuevov rerapratove 62 Kal tpitatoue awaXAdcox. Dioscor. Animal. Ven. Proem.: a\yn60- vw kai d\Awy Kak@v atadXacoecOa Tove avOpmrove cupaivet. Galen. Comm. i. 12, Humor. (xvi. 115): 1% 62 kévwore drad- Aarre TOV voonuatwv Kat Tov TaDw@y Tov avOpwrov. Galen. Comm. ii. 56, Epid. i. (xvu. A. 155): oiow Gv apEnra 6 TOvoe TH TPWTY NMépa, TEeTapTator TiECoUYTaL padAoV 7 TEUT- Talo, é¢ O& THY Eddunv atadAacoovra. Galen. Comp. Med. ix. 5 (xiii. 302) : ToUTW lopev ToAAove ypnoapévove Kal THE

vdoov ama\\ayévrac.

§ XXXITI. *katapépev. *imvoc Pabdc.

Eutychus restored to life-—Acts, xx. 8,9: And there were many lights in the upper chamber, where they were gathered

48 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

together. And there sat in a window a certain young man named Kutychus, being fallen into a deep sleep (karapepopmevoe Utvy Babi) : and as Paul was long preaching, he sunk down with sleep (karevexOeie amd tov Urvov), and fell down from the third loft, and was taken up dead.

St. Luke here gives a reason, as a medical man, for the cause of the deep sleep of Eutychus, just as he does for the sleepiness of the Apostles on the night of the agony of our Lord—Luke, xxii. 45 (§ 56). In the case of Eutychus the sleepiness and exhaustion were the consequence of the heat and smell arising from many oil lamps (Aauadec ikavat), as well as of the service lasting to a late hour—“ Paul preached unto them, ready to depart on the morrow: and continued his speech until midnight.”

*xatadpépeoOa, peculiar to St. Luke, as applied to sleep, was so much a medical term that it was used more frequently absolutely than with the addition of tzvoc, by the medical writers. The substantive catapopa was a technical medical term also. In this passage it is used twice to express two different degrees of sleep: ‘it implies that relaxation of the system, and collapse of the muscular power, which is more or less indicated by our expression falling asleep—dropping asleep. This effect is being produced when the first participle is used, which is therefore imperfect (katapeoduevog), but as Paul was going on long discoursing, took complete possession of him, and, having been overpowered, entirely relaxed in consequence of the sleep (karevexOeic azo rov Urvov), he fell.”—Alford, Gr. Test., in loc.

The expressing the different degrees of sleep would be quite natural to a medical writer. Galen speaks of even two distinct species of katapopa. Galen. de Comate Secund. Hipp. 2 (vii. 652): pay yeyvwoxovrec bre dvo cioty dy KaTa- popac, we ot Te CoKWTaToL TWY iaTEwWY yeypapacl Kal avTa Ta yryvomeva paptupEl, KoWwov piv yap auporépwy eotiv, Ore erat- pev ov dvvavrat Tove OpOarpode, dAN cvVAéwe BapdbvovTa Kat

umvouv ovAorvra, &e.

§ xxx. ] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 49

*xatapépeoOa. Hipp. Praedic. 79: cig tiv avprov épuo- owoavra, karevexOévra. Hipp. Hpid. 1155: radw émereivero TW TUOETYW Kal KaTEpeoETO Kal cvavdoe jv. Hipp. Hpid. 11387: OUTOL KwUaTWOEEE Kal Ev TOG UTVOLoW KaTapeodmevor. Hipp. Epid. 1085: adX addy rwi Karapopyn Kacy vwIoy Bapéwe a7w@AXovro. Hipp. Epid. 1109: koma d2 Kai karapop Kat madw eyeoorc. Dioscor., Mat. Med. 11. 80: vrobupidpevoe 62 dvakaXéirat Tove Katapeoouévove. Dioscor. Mat. Med. i. 82: kal T@V KaTapeoouévwy avakAyntiudg. Galen. Comm. iv. 67, Aph. (xvii. B. 748): xareveyOévrac cic Urvov wTAnoovvTa Tiy kepaAyv. Galen. Comm. i. 1, Praedic. (xvi. 497): évavria ouumTwmmara KaraAauPave TOV avOowroyv We ayouTVElY TE Gua kat Karapéocoba car oXiyov. Galen. Antid. 1.10 (xiv. 163): Hon Karapepopévorg kal GAAwe cuoxeoel oupTTmmaTt TEeoUTET- TWKOOL.

Different distinguishing epithets are joined to urvoc by the medical writers, one of which is Bafvc. Hipp. Coac. Progn. 141: wtavoe Babice Kal rapaxyddeec BePatav Kolow onuaivovor. Aretaeus, Sign. Acut. Morb. 80: ovk« avevbev Kivovvov inate, UTVvog Pabd¢ Kat piKictoce. Galen. Progn. ex Puls. iv. 8 (ix. 407): oixstov yao Enoornte 76 ovuTTwpa ToUTO, cadre ye kat VyooryTt Pabde Urvoc 7 koma. Galen. Comm. ii. 63, Praedic. (xvi. 646): xalareo Papivnta 7d copa ev taic piOac Urvoe éoti [aldc, Ov EeoTe Ty BovAopévy Kapov évouazeav. Galen. Comm. ii. 63, Praedic. (xvi. 647): éay ovv Tig TO pév TOLOUTOY raOynua Kapov ovomaer THv O& duddlE- yeoTOv KaTdoTacw Kwa TE Kal KaTadopay’ 7d 62 ToiTOv éW avroic, UT29 ov TowWTOY CLAADOY Utvov Pabby. Galen. Comm. i. 7, Epid. iii. (xvii. A. 540): gore O Gre Ov audw raivra ouuTinre, Babde Kat Kwparwdone Urvoc. Galen. Comm. vi. 31, Aph. (xviii. A. 49): cat rotvuy Urvog re Babde adtw yivera Kal avw@ouvoe éwOev avéiorn. Galen. Caus. Puls. i. 8 (vu. 140) : TOGOUTW Yao pElov EmIppEly Eikog zoTW, SowmED av 6 UTVOC Babdrcooce. Do. (141): kat dia rovro Pab’rep0¢ brvoc oup- mimre Toig wAciova yupvacapuévoic—Kal a0vrEeov Umvovow. Do. (144): rovwtrov pév ror waD0e ) atoTwAnSia wept Tac Kata

isi

50 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

T , > , ; ee, c Os Ww ,’ ree ] Q ee oouiveow éevepyciac, oiov 6 Babde Umvog ev Taic aioByruKale )

éveoyetaic.

§ XXXIV.

*riumoacOa. *xaraminre. * Onoiov = zx.ova.

The viper on St. Paul’s hand innocuous.—Acts, xxviii. 3-6: And when Paul had gathered a bundle of sticks, and laid them on the fire, there came a viper (Zx:dva) out of the heat, and fastened on his hand. And when the barbarians saw the venomous beast (7s Onotov) hang on his hand, they said among themselves, No doubt this man is a murderer, whom, though he hath escaped the sea, yet vengeance suffereth not to live. And he shook off the beast (76 Onotov) into the fire, and felt no harm. Howbeit they looked when he should have swollen (xiuroacba), or fallen down (xarawiarev) dead suddenly.

*riumpacOa, peculiar to St. Luke, was the usual medical word for inflammation. Hipp. Intern. Affect.555: cai 2&azivne H yaoTIo aelosrat kal wiutpatat Kal CoKéer CrappyoeoOa. Hipp. Intern. Affect. 490: kai 76 rodowrov Kal 4 gaovy& mipr- para. Hipp. Nat. Mul. 570: jv d& Ayo ai vorépae pAcy- Miyvwol, wiumoata Kal mvig Eye. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 604: kal of pnool miumpavra. Hipp. Hpid. 1162: *Apiorimmoe ée tiv KolAinv éro&eb0n avw Bin xadretWc, aAyo¢e KotAine davov kal émiumoaro rtaxéwe. Aretaeus, Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 61: Edy yao Hee Kal ovontiose Tiumoavra. Aret. Cur. Acut. Morb. 118: wiurparat 70 irae Tig Expoig apeobév. Aret. Cur. Morb. Diuturn. 128: wiumpata yap 7 Kepady avrixa. Galen. Comm. iv. 28, Acut. Morb. (xv. 795): rév Of tvevpova TiumoacDar—éixdTwe Ov apeTolac EXOuEvoY Tip- TONot TOV TvEbpova.

*xaramimrey, peculiar to St. Luke, is used of persons falling down suddenly from wounds, or in epileptic fits, &e. Hipp. Cap. Vuln. 908: zrara tov avOpwrov dre Sivéc Te EAaBE Kal sKOTO¢ kal ekapwOn Kal Katéweoe. Lipp. Praedic. 98: (Ajpata

§xxxiv.]} THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 51

etn H katérscev WYPowToe 7 ci éxapwOy. Aretaeus, Cur. Acut. Morb. 94: ripe értAniac oXAcOein piv 1) TowTlaTy KaTaTTwote. Aret. Sign. Acut. Morb. 9: kat rade eat 76 Kaktov émeiyel, dre a0poov Katatecdvtec cic thy ynv. Galen. Remed. Parab. ii. 2 (xiv. 402): kat xarameceira: cimep EdXy ty Tada [ Hpilepsy]. Galen. Medicus, 13 (xiv. 739): 86 xaraziz- rovow of TH TADe 2ybuevor | Hpilepsy |. Galen. Comm. vi. 27, Aph. (xvii. A. 40): & ye ry mwapayonpna Aaurouyobvrwy kat katamimrovtTwy. Galen. Def. Med. 256 (xix. 418): é- ANbov7at Kal Katatinrover Kal Katapiyovrar Ta akoa Kal 6 opuyuocg er avT@v apvdooe yivera. Galen. Ven. Sect. 9 (xi. 242): avayxaoOsic emi rite ayopac Ewe peonuPolac aoiroc cuarpiva catateo@v tomacOy. Hipp. Intern. Affect. 558: ov Ovvarat asipev Ta oxéAca aAXa KatamintTEe Kal of T6dEC avTOU aizt Wukool. |

*@noiov. St. Luke uses this word here exactly in the same way as the medical writers, who employed it to denote ve- nomous serpents, and of these they applied it in particular to the viper (Zy:dva), so much so that an antidote, made chiefly from the flesh of vipers, was termed Onocaki.

In the four following examples the same medicine is signified. Aret. Cur. Diuturn. Morb. 138: 70 da rev Onpiwy | Vipers] gaopaxov. Do. 144: » dia rev Onoiwv [ Vipers]. Do. 146: 1% dia rov extovwv. Aret. Cur. Morb. Diuturn. 147: 7d dia rev Onoiwy tov zydvev.

Dioscorides uses Onoiddyxroe to signify “ bitten by a ser- pent.” Mat. Med. iv. 24: O@nprodijKrore BonDetv wadtora 8 éxoonxrorc. Galen. Natural. Facul. i. 14 (ii. 53): 60a rove iove Tov Onoiwy avéiAxer—rov Tove iode EXkdvTwY Ta Mev TOU tng éxtovnge. Galen. Animi. Mores. 3 (iv. 779): kal of tov Onpiwy iot. Galen. Meth. Med. xiv. 12 (x. 986): ro re dua Tay éxtovev Orep dvopatover Onoraxyy avtidorov. Galen. Theriac. ad Pison. 8 (xiv. 233): dia ri 6 "Avdoomayoc TH éxtovav padXov 7 GAXov twa Opw 7H Onpraky ewéuge. Galen. Theriac. ad Pamphil. (xiv. 308): dia ro txav avrny tie

4 ~ 9 ~ eed: TURIN A) , OaOKOC TWV EXLOVOY WVOUAGAY AUTIV nOLaKHV.

52 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART I.

There are some other medical words used in connexion with this miracle, viz., diEfoyeoOa, Ofoun, xalawrev, and aromro¢ (see Acts, xxviil., § 98).

ereeey

*ruoerol. * dvoevtepia. auvixecOar.

The father of Publius healed.—Acts, xxvii. 8: And it came to pass, that the father of Publius lay sick (cvvexo- pevov) of a fever (muperotc) and of a bloody flux (dvoevrepia): to whom Paul entered in, and prayed, and laid his hands on him, and healed him.

The use of the plural *zupgero/, peculiar to St. Luke for a fever, and in the case of one person, is quite medical. Hipp. Epid. 1106: isyiov dé deEcov odbvn ioxup Kal of wuperol twérevov. Hipp. Epid. 1106: 1d 62 cbvodov of re muperot eEéXurov Kal 7 KWpworg éwavoaTo, ev ExatoaTy TéAEwe exon. Hipp. Epid. 1120: wAevpov oovvy Kal oteoe Kat 1Ew aplore- 000 Kat Tugerol, atéOavev awd Tov wuperov. Hipp. Hpid. 1115: AcdAkove yuvaika Tupetoc EAajSe—ov«K tkowato—zupETOL TOC Xeioa Aewrot. Hipp. Morb.454: rhxerar 6 acDevev v76 ddvvéwy iaxup@v Kal aoiting Kal Bnxoc Kal TupETwv. Hipp. Morb. 493: jv dé w) dbynra Kara AOyor Trvbev, TOY avayovTwY papudkwy diddval, Tac 62 KotAiacg UToXwoéELy iva ot TE TUpETOL auBrdbrepor Ewor. Hipp. Intern. Affect. 538: nv d& addvaroc H UTO THY TUpETOV Kal eoDiey pu SbvnTaL Ta oiria. Hipp. Epid. 1083: wodXoito o? év mupetoion kai TOO TupETOU Kal emi mupsroto. Evvémimrev. Aretaeus, Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 63: To 62 EXxoe Kv fn) aoXnDev KrEivy, TupEToic H PAEypovH avixeotov ylyvera. Galen. Remed. Parab. i. 3 (xiv. 335): ddvvn chodoa KaTaAauBave TOV advOowmTov, we Sv adriv Kat muperove émyivecba.

* Sucevregta, peculiar to St. Luke, besides being a medical term, is often joined with zugerde by Hippocrates. Hipp.

Judicat.55: dcore av év role TupsTOic TA Wa KwPwOH TouTEOLEL

ee eee eee

§ xxxv. ] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 53

wn AvOévToe Tov TUOETOU pavnvae avayKn, Aba S EK THY piwav aima puev H Ovoevteoly ércywouévn. Hipp. Judicat. 56: rv od: kal wugeToc 7 Ovoevteoin. Hipp. Praedic.104: ai d& ducev- replat Gdv wupery) piv nv ewiwow. Hipp. Aer. 283: rov yao Bépeog Svoevrepiat te woAXal gumintovow Kat Srapporae Kat muperot. Hipp. Epid. 1056: Ave Se Kat ruaerdc Kat sucev- Teo avev Odvvnc. Hipp. Epid. 1207: 6 ’EpioroAdov SuoevTepiKoc eyévero Kal muperoe eixe. Hipp. Epid. 1247: avayky Tov Péococ muperove d&sic Kal OpOaXplac Kat SvcevrTEepiac yivecOu. Aretaeus, Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 35: é¢ ducevreoinv teXeuvra. Dioscorides, Mat. Med. i. 89: ote? origwv mode ducevrepiac. Galen. Comm. 16, Nat. Hom. (xv. 158): aXioxecbai te ducevtepiae. auvéxecBat (see § 3).

54 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART II.

PART VT,

MEDICAL LANGUAGE USED OUTSIDE MEDICAL SUBJECTS.

Ir is evident from the examples adduced out of the Greek medical writers, in the previous part, that precise medical terms are employed in the narrative of the miracles of heal- ing both in the third Gospel and in the Acts of the Apostles.

But above and beyond this fact there would seem to be a vein of medical language running through the general his- tory, and appearing chiefly in the use of some words peculiar to the author, or in the use of others which, though not pe- culiar to him, are yet of more frequent occurrence in his writings than in the rest of the New Testament, and all of which were in common use with the Greek physicians.

It is the object of this second part to establish this point, which may not meet with so ready an acceptance at first sight as that of the use of medical terms in the account of the miracles. It will, however, I think, appear clearly from a comparison of the language of the third Gospel with that of the other Evangelists in some parallel passages. This comparison will establish the fact that in these passages at least St. Luke strongly inclined to the use of medical words in his general history.

§ XXXVI. *aAnupioa. *woocphyvum. *ouuminrer. ~* pirypa.

St. Matthew, in recording our Lord’s discourse about the houses built on the rock and on the sand, says (ch. vil. 27): “And the sain descended, and the floods came, and the winds

|

§ xxxv1. ] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 5d

blew, and beat upon that house; and it fed/: and great was the fall of it,” using the words—

Booyh.—rpocikoLav.—itecev.—7Twate. St. Luke, to express the same, uses the words (ch. vi. 48, 49)— *rAnupvoa.— toooéeppntev.—* ovverrese.—* piyypa.

** And when the flood arose ... the stream did beat vehemently, and immediately it fe//; and the rwin of that house was great.”

Now all these words employed by St. Luke were in use in medical language.

*7Anupvoa, peculiar to St. Luke, was used to express excess of the fluids of the body—flooding. Hipp. Morb. Acut. 394: meonyd pévror OfvpuédtTo¢ kal peAcKo7jTOU Vowp eEqippopedpevov oXiyov mrvéXov avaywydv ort Cia THY pETaPoAny THE TOLOTH- Tog Twv ToTwY. TAnumvoida yao Twa éuToe. Aretacus, Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 59: Evvdidorar yap é¢ Kiorw 1 TAnupopa. Aret. Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 60: éubae 8 76 éoveTov Onpiov, Hv daky Tiva aoxerov Sloe tara, Tivoval TE GOnv OvK é¢ Oluoe akoc, AAN ze Tv Tie KoLAine TAnuUpboav akopty worov. Aret. Cur. Acut. Morb. 121: miuaAara yao 7 TOV vedpov KOLA aT TAHMmUOING TOV OVOwWY Ov CiEKDedvTwY. Aret. Cur. Morb. Diuturn. 132: trvo¢g todde piv yap vaoka rac aicOhowag tig Kepadijc, atuwy TAnupboa OKvoe aTaone mongioc. Aret. Sign. Acut. Morb. 26: ovpou ézisyesic ovK é¢ TO TauTayv, aAAd orayony pév ovo~ovel, ErOuuin d= ToAAOY éxxéat, wAnuutone yao alcOnoc. Galen. Comm. i. 36, Morb. Acut. (xv. 700): wAnpmupisa yap twa Totty adrd gno. tourists TAHDOG byoov zivoc. Galen. Comm. iii. 38, Morb. Acut. (xv. 703): awAnupvoida twa éurotéee rouréore m7AnGoe vypoTnt0¢. Galen. Morb. Acut. 3 (xix. 189): vdcor Of al piv Kara apatocow p0ivovroe Tov pnvoeg ouveTionualvovat mpocg TO xElpov’ ai of KaTa Teplovolav O& Kal wAnupupioa av€avopuévov miéCover ta wadiora. Aret. Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 78: evpeiar d? PAEBec OF TANupboy TOU aipatog AAAG TH TOU Oéppato¢g mayel.

56 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [paRT 11.

* guuminrev, peculiar to St. Luke, was used of the falling in—collapsing—of the body or some of its members. Hipp. Progn. 36: opOadpol Kotro1, KodTapor Evurentwxdtec. Hipp. Superfoet. 261: &kwe cuuwecdv To cwuariov. Hipp. Intern. Affect. 551: 70 6% yuiov Supmimres TaXéwe. Hipp. Epid. 1144: kat % yaorno Evverece kal Ta oldhuara Tarra. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 648: kai 1) KowXin 2a éxeivov Tov Xpovor, év w E0dKEE rikreww, reidav 2AOn, arrodeoonké TE Kal EvuTintra. Aretaeus, Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 75: 3) 62 6 wévoe év rotor vebpotot Elow uluvy Evprerro«y ot 7o adoNpov aDepuov—Ocopactn yap ra Euumentwxdra pépea ec Gykov yeos. Galen. Comm. 1. 24, Humor. (xvi. 201): cira Sdérev xeon worepov 6 TOV oWMaToC Syko¢g ouuméarwxe. Galen. Comm. ii. 7, Humor. (xvi. 238) : TO OWA GUUTETTWKEV, WOTED KOTY TLV VIKWEVW, Kal Wo THY Suvauewv ékAvonévwy. Galen. Comm. ii. 25, Humor. (xvi. 288): év piv ovv tole apodporarore wupETotc iomev suVTh- kecOar woAAakte TO Opa Kal cuuaiarev. Galen. Comm. iil. 33, Offic. (xviii. B. 894): 6 re dykocg ouumimre Kal Tavera TO zoev0oc.

* onyua, peculiar to St. Luke, was the medical term for a “laceration ’’—“rupture.” Hipp. Morb. 456: piyyuara moAXa Te kal Tavtola Tov PAcBw@v Kai THY caoKwv. Hipp. Loe. in Hom. 420: azo piyyparoc mupetoc ov AdZerae TAktov 7) ToEIC i) Teooapag 1MEoac. Hipp. Loe. in Hom. 415: avTn 1) voucoc yiverat 62 Kal éxTdc Tov TAEbpovO? pdaAtoTra wiv amo phyparoc. Hipp. Morb. 493: avaBioce trdxoda oiov amo oLotov, nv wn) phymara Exy, nv of Exp Kal aiua awd TOY pnyparwr. Hipp. Epid. 1220: piyparoe epi paoy oeStov dduvwpevoc. Dioscorides, Mat. Met. i. 80: ayafdv d& Kal med¢ prhypara. Dioscor. Mat. Med. i. 1083: 66ev kat omdopact kat phypacr Kal VoTEOLKALG TLyouévalc douoce. Dioscor. Mat. Med. 1. 2: mooc¢ wAevpac mwévov Kal Oupaxocg Kai iraToc, stedpove, phyuwara. Galen. Comm. iii. 17, Epid i. (xvi. A. 348: t\koc, KaTayua, piyua, dvua, &e. Galen. Comm. i. 76, Hpid. ii. (xvii. A. 763): kxaflamep yi kat Ta phrypatra ToAAOtc

5) 79 , ET WOUVVEa Vt véTal.

§ xxxvu.] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 57

*rpooonyvum, peculiar to St. Luke, is used for the rup- ture or bursting of veins. Aretaeus, Cur. Acut. Morb. 111: kat ydo Bnxwedea tavta, VrepBoAQ Te Enodtynto¢ pete&eréporor moostppnge Tac pAéBac.

§ XXXVII. *obeav. *ikudc. *ouuptvecOa.

In the parable of the sower, St. Matthew (chap. xii. 5, 6, 7) says: “ Some fell upon stony places, where they had not much earth: and forthwith they sprung up, because they had no deepness of earth: And when the sun was up, they were scorched; and because they /ad no root, they withered away. And some fell among thorns; and the thorns sprung up, and choked them,” using the words—

¢c eCavéretAe.—TO pu) Eyetv piGav.—avéBnoav.

St. Mark (chap. iv. 5, 6, 7) uses the same words as St. Matthew :—

eEavérerAe.—r0 pur) EXEL pilav.—aviPyoar. But St. Luke’s language is quite different— * butv.—ro pun) ExeELv *ikuada.—* ouppvetoat.

Chap. viii. 6,7: ‘And some fell upon a rock; and as soon as it was sprung up, it withered away, because i Jacked moisture. And some fell among thorns; and the thorns sprang up with it, and choked it.”

Here we find St. Luke using three words peculiar to himself (the only passage in the rest of the N. T., Heb. xu. 15, where gieav occurs, being a quotation from the LXX.), and all of them of frequent use in medical language.

*ixuac, peculiar to St. Luke, was the medical expression for the juices of the body, of plants, and of the earth. Hipp. Morb. 502: ei yao 70 oWma py EAKY a7 Tig ikuacog Tig KOLAin¢g. Hipp.

I

58 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART II.

Morb. Mul. 588: amo ripe cotXing Axe Thy ikudda Kal TayLov kal wadAov 76 cHpma Tite yuvakoc 7) TOU avdpdc. Hipp. Nat. Puer. 240: kat dua 7 Opt ixudda perpiny sie tiv rpopiv EXEL—Ywpeovane «ig avTiy Tie ikuacoe amd Tie kepadie. Hipp. Morb. 503: ern payn Kat win kal adixynrat H ikuac é¢ 7o owpa. Galen. Usus Part. i. 18 (iii. 87): 4 cap& Oeounv évToc éauTing Eyer THY ek TOV aiuatog ikuada. Galen. Diff. Febr. i. 10 (vil. 818): We éxdataviica TH ypdvy Thy ikuada Tov tie Kapdiag owparoc. Of Plants.x—Galen. Comp. Med. 1. 5 (xii. 459): pdda WvéEac év oxiad ei play jugpav Wore avta pdva ikuaca po) Exeecv. Dioscor. Mat. Med. i. 7: vapdoce.— ov yap suvaToKalalpsrar TH Ayupwodet Kal aAdoTply TO cVXONC- TOV cla THY ek THE ikuaddog evroviav. Dioscor. Mat. Med. v. 3: orapvA.—oua TO TOAD Tij¢ ikpadoc avetnpavOa. Of the Earth.—Galen. Hipp. et Plat. Decret. vi. 3 (v. 323): Tacav avTov 7iv EupuTOV ikuada TOG EavTHY TIE ig ~AKU- oaone.

* pvecv, peculiar to St. Luke, is used in medical language of the growth of parts of the body, of diseases, of vegetation, &e. Hipp. De Carn. 252: kai of piv mowror dddvTEc pvovrat amd TIC duairne év ™m pnron—eua TOUTO VOTEOOY OL OOdYTEC PLOVYTaL—al Oe rotyec pbovra: woe. Hipp. Rat. Vic. 541: 2 @vmep ai vovaor roils avOpwmocw diovra. Hipp. Affect. 517: méAumo¢ pverat O& amo pAéypatoc—ravra piv doa ano Tie Kepadne pbovra vovotuara. Dioscor. Mat. Med. i. 6: vapdog pberar. 9: doapov vera. 14: auwnov piecOa. 116: Mupixn dévopov guduevov. 119: paduvocg pudpevoc.

For the use of ixudc and ¢vecOa together, see Hipp. Morb. 498, in which he compares the juices of the body with those of the earth: émjv di payy 7) why 6 avOowmoc, Axe 70 oma é¢ EwUTO ek THE KOLAINE THE ikuacoc Tig elonuévng, kal ai mnyat ~Akover ova TOV PAEBOV amo Tie KotAine, 7 Suoln ikuac zy Spoinv, Kat Sradidwor rq owpati, Worep ew TOY puUTwY Eel aro Tie yne H Omoim ikmacg THY Opoiny. Exel yao Woe 7 yi ev EwurH Svvamiac wavToiag Kal avaoltOuove, oxkdca yao év

~ ~ , e , Come: e a avTn pveral, Tact ikudoa Tapéxel Opolny EKaoTYW. OLOV Kat

§ xxxvir.] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE 59

> A A 7 > ale z: ‘\ ‘ ” ey avTo TO GuduEvov a’T@ duotnv Kata Evyyevic Exe, Kat EAeer txaoTov ard Tie yi¢ TOOpHY OlovTep Kal avTO ~oTL. TO TE yao cs ed > ‘A ~ ~ 3 / 7 LC ed x os ‘ pddov Ake amd tiie vile ixuada ToiabTyy oidv TEP Kal avTO Suvduee gorl, kal TO okdpodoy FAKE aTd Tie yg ikuada ToLad- we. ‘ aren , > , ‘ ” (2) ‘ , THY, OO TED Kal avTO Ouvvame eri, Kal TaAAAG TaVTU Ta vd- peva EXxee éK THE yng KaD EwuTd ExacTOV. «i yao ja) TOUTO OUTWE ELYEV, OUK Av éyévETO TA PUdmEVA CpmoLa TOLoL OTEOMAGL. Sty O& TOV gvomévwy Ev TH yy ikudg Kata ovyyévecay TOU dSfovroc woAAW TAgwy ézoTl, vost ekeivo TO ghuTOV. drwy OF

t ? c éLdoowy Tov Kalpov, ékeivo avaivera. iv dé 2 aoxne my evy

> ‘ ~ ~ &\ a \ A “ QQ A ~ ixuae TY puta, Hv EAKke KaTa TO cvyyevic, OVS av PAaoriioa Sbvairo. mapéyer 6 vonOijvar drt, si pi EXEL ikudda Kata pbow 7d purov ov BrAaorave, &e., &e. See also Nat. Puer. 242,

243, where ixuac and gteo8a are used in a similar way.

* suupveoOa, peculiar to St. Luke, was the technical word in medical language for the closing of wounds, ulcers, the uniting of nerves, bones, &c., and is used in Dioscorides of plants grow- ing together in the same place. Hipp. Morb. 427: vetpov jv CakomT oTacMoyv ToL Kal pre cuuPdvar Siakowév. Hipp. Morb. 456: jv 82 pw) Sbvnrae pire TO EAKOG GuUpUtvac TO Evoov. Hipp. Morb. 482: ast Evudtew 7d EXxoce wade Tov pordv.

yu 0 rt Hipp. Intern. Affect. 561: Skwe av évtdc pi Suupun 6 xdv- dpoc, nv co: Evan cat ra do0pa Evuwayy. Hipp. Coace. Praedic. 199: jv évregov cuaxoTy THY AETTOV, Ov oupPberal. Galen. Comm. iii. 3, Fract. (xviii. B. 5389): drav dn ra EAxea cuppvecOa wérAy. Galen. Meth. Med. iv. 7 (x. 304) : ar ovxiO’ oidvre cuupvvar ty piyymatt. Galen. Meth. Med. vi. 4 (x. 419): Kav rote aAXolg pépeot cuppbev Ta TeabuaTa. Of vegetable productions.—Dioscor. Mat. Med. iv. 148: piZa oo «@ ‘ X 2 ‘ , ~ A ae 7 © Umeor moAAai, Aerral, ato KepadXiou pxpov Kal éEriunKouc Worep Kooupvov, cuutepucvia. Dioscor. Mat. Med. v. 77:

purevopévate yap raic aurédoie cumpverat éAEBopoc, Ke.

60 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART 11.

§ XXXVITI. *Bedovn. *rojma. In recording our Lord’s saying: “It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to en- ter into the kingdom of God,” St. Matthew (xix. 24) uses the

words— Ola TOUThpaTOC paplooc.

St. Mark (x. 25) has much the same, viz.— dia Tic TPUMAadLag THE papicoc.

St. Luke (xviii. 25) however employs a different expression— dua *rphmarog * BeAdvne.

The words used by St. Luke are those which a medical man would naturally employ, for BeAdvn was the surgical needle, and rpnua the great medical word for a perforation of any kind. But still further, we meet with the same expression in Galen. Comm. ii. 7, Offic. (xvi. B. 740) : woatrwe od? Kat bre paupa Tov ciatphuatoe Tice eAOvne Cuponmévoy EveKa TOV ouVayELY aAAnAole rot Ta pdola TOU SraTETUNMEv0v cwmaroe. And to express the puncture made by the needle: dua rov kara Tijv BeAdvnv rojparoc, Galen. Sang. in Arter. 2 (11. 708).

* pia, peculiar to St. Luke, in medical language was applied to all perforations in the body, e.g., in the ears, nostrils, vertebrae, the sockets of the teeth, &e.

Hipp. De Carne, 252: ra tpfpara rev ovatwv Tpoonxet mooe datéov okAnpdv. Hipp. De Corde, 269: tphuara dé od EoT ovatwy Tie Kapdiac. Hipp. Loc. in Hom. 408: kara & Tac plvac Toa piv ovK EveoTlv, compov Oo Oloy oToyyia. Galen. Comm. iii. 104, Artic. (xvii. A. 648): kard 76 péya Tonua Tov THe H/3n¢ dorov. Galen. Med. Defin. 252 (xix. 418): dia reév ronuatwv tig UTEepyac. Galen. Theriac. ad Pison. 12 (xiv. 256): rév dddvTwy ta tpyara. Galen. Anat. Administr. v. 8 (ii. 522): dvo & éort ra Tphpara Tov Poevor.

; 1 , A

§ xxxIx. ] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 61

Galen. Anat. Adm. v. 8 (ii. 524): gore & ov« axoiSme KuKdo- tepi¢ évtavOot rovro Tov CLapoayparoc Tpiua. Galen. Anat. Adm. vi. 18 (ii. 582): ta tpfpara tov wepirovaiov. Galen. Comm. iv. 6, Aliment. (xv. 390): ra rév or’ orovdt\wv Tonmara.

* BeAdvn, peculiar to St. Luke, is the term invariably em- ployed by the medical writers for the needle used in surgical operations. Hipp. Morb. Acut. 406: iofetce 76 paupa rH Be- Advy, TH TO Kvap EYOUoH Kata TO GEN Tic Gvw TaaLOg TOU XE- pagov é¢ 70 KaTw iakevti}oac—rH BeAOvy We TayUrarov Eiptou OiouT NOY pauLa Kal we féyioTOV awodyjcac. Galen. Comm. ii. 7, Offic. (xvii. B. 742): we ert mhyeoc kal Boayiovoe Kai pnpod Kat Kvhune kal ext ToUTwy avayKaloy gor rol éwl TMV aoLOTEDwV mepav emt debra Cueloey THv PeAOvyy avaradkw—adAa Crekf3adrgiv TO paupa pera THC PeA6vne. Galen. Comm. ii. 8, Offic. (Xvill. B. 745): ov ydo amdwc SueKPadXrerae TOV paTtopévwy 1 BeAdvn, a\Aa pera TOV paypmatog aAXANAOLE Aupace opryyomE- vwy. Galen. Anat. Admin. iv. 2 (11. 427): KaAXdov ovv vrofsarévra [eA\dvynv AetTHv Alwoy Eyovcay, ExdoTw vebtpy wepitOéva Bpdyov zyyuTaTw Tov yévvoc. Galen. Anat. Ad- min. vill. 4 (ii. 668): pera 62 Thy raow vroSadAav avTy BeAdvnv KaurrvAnv Alvov Exovcay, iy SueKBarwv vr TO vEevpov eEei¢ UToKeiuevoy avtw Tov Aivov. Galen. Meth. Med. vi. 4 (x. 416) : éwedy) cunpvoa dpi tH TEptTovaiy TO EmvyaoTpLOY, apkréov piv amo Tov Cépparocg EEwlev eliow diatelpovta tiv BeAdvnv—ouTw 6? Kal TO piv éyyuTaTw TOV akpwv XELAGV Ora- metpey TH BeAdvnv. Galen. Medicus (xiv. 786) : Aévou dut- Aov Sa Beddvyng oOreufadrrXAouévov Kal wEoiopryyouévov Tov oupadov.

§ XXXIX. * rooopavev.

St. Matthew (xxiii. 4) records a saying of our Lord thus: “For they bind heavy burdens and grievous to be borne,

62 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART II.

and lay them on men’s shoulders; but they themselves will not move them with one of their fingers,” using the words—

Tw Of OakTbAW avTwv ov Dédovor KiVjGa aUTa.

St. Luke (xi. 46) recording a similar saying, does so thus :— avTol Evi Tov OakTidwy vuwv ov *mpoapadteTe Toic Hopriote.

“Ye yourselves touch not the burdens with one of your fin- gers.”” Here we find another technical medical term; for Wavew was used either with or without the addition of dakrudoe, to de- scribe the feeling, very gently, a sore or tender part of the body, or the pulse, as opposed to méCev, to feel with a heavier pres- sure. Hipp. Aphoron. 682: ijv 76 oréua rHv pytpéwy oxAnpov yévyrat i) 6 avyny TY CakTbrAW yrwoerat Pavouca. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 660: jy 76 ordua THV VoTEepiwy oKANPdY yévnTrae UTO Enoacine, tm SaxrbAw yvooe mapapatcac. Hipp. Intern. Affect. 547: Wavduevocg adyéee 76 tyrao. Hipp. Intern. Af- fect. 618: ro Atyavy Saxrédw eopartebpevoy Kal dppwodtovTa étwe pn) Watone tiie voréonc. Galen. Progn. ex Puls. ii. 10 (ix. 316) : 2) wiv ydp méCovea tiv aorepiay émif30An TOV SaK- riAwy aopvéiav civa dd&e, O& eruToAije Yavovca pvoboou pavraciay ee Tov opuymov Kat ijToe pdvoig Ovo SaxTirolg 7 Tploly h Kal TOL Técoapcw Urontimrovtoc. Galen. Progn. ex Puls. i. 10 (ix. 318): i pévroe TA~om Xodvy TOV SaxtbAwY erikemévwn a[jidotwe, Te Kal we Yabeyv pdvoy, éravéoyorro Twadw Kivynote, Hrrov GADotGe 4 ToLtabryn taBecrc. Galen. Diff. Puls. iii. 5 (viii. 668): torw deaytyywoxduevov abrov (o@vypov) ZoaddvTwv eat wrAElov Tove SaxTbAovE, OvK EtuTOAHE Q~avdvrwv. Galen. De Dignose. Puls. i. 7 (viii. 803): kat abovrec TOv opuypov O& OvOY, Olov aiwoovrTEG TOE SaKTU- Aoug odd ovTwc ovdeutac aicDavducba Stapopac—s6 2 TeITOE TodTo¢ Tie émrioAnc, 6 pmerasv rov OA(Bew re cal Pave émuroAjjc. Galen. Temper. et Facul. Med. vi. 1 (xi. 818): ra pOpla TOV GwmaTOS WY Teoopatoy. Galen. Anat. Administr. vi. 8 (il. 570): kat ca? 6 rate pect mpooWabe kbptwrat Kat

Agidv tort. Kal’ 0 d ry Kotla TeooLavotte.

§ xz. ] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 63

St. Mark (i. 28) writes: And immediately his fame spread abroad throughout all the region round about Galilee—

e&nAOev 2) akon avrov. St. Luke’s words for the same are (iv. 37)—

> if * > \ > ~ eSemopeveto *ijXog Tepl avrov.

(a) St. Luke uses axoh, but in same way as the medical writers = ‘‘hearing”’ or ‘‘the ears” (vii. 1): eis ras dxods Tod Aaov. Acts, xvii. 20: keviCovra yap TWa Elopepels eis Tas Gkoas judy. Compare Hipp. Flat. 299: Ay b& és Tas akous, évtav0” 7 vovcos. Hipp. Usus Liquid. 427: eéprnow éeobiouevoioww, 7) ev akon 7) ev Spy 7) dorépn. Hipp. Morb. 447: mnpotvta kad akoiy imd parcyuaros. Hipp. Offic. 740: Kal rH der Kal TH ApH Kal TH axoj. Aret. Cur. Morb. Diuturn. 133: jovxin kad akojjs kal AaArHs. Galen. Comp. Med. iii. (xii. 653): omoyytoy cis Thy axohy emitiOeuevov. Do. 654: ore xuudy TpoomlmrTew TH TiS AKOTS TOPS.

The medical bias of St. Luke may be seen from the words he abstains from using, as well as from those he does use, in respect of disease: thus he never uses wodakta for sickness, as St. Matthew does in iv. 23, ix. 35,x.1: wacay vécov rab macay wadaktay, since this word is never so used in medical language, but con- fined to the meaning of delicacy—effeminacy—e. g. Hipp. Aer. 292: 8a ri bypétynta THs Pvoios Kal Thy padakinv. Aretaeus, Sign. Acut. Morb. 22: ékAvots, padrakln. Galen. Loc. Affect. ii. 7 (vili. 88): 614 padakiny Wuxijs. Galen. Meth. Med. xii. 1 (x. 814): éviore wey irtp Tod xapioacOa TH madakia Tov Kauvdytwy. So, too, he never uses Bacaview or Bacavos, of sickness, as St. Matthew does in viii. 6: mapadutikds, dewas Bacavi(duevos; iv. 24: mouctAas vooots kal Bacdvos cuvexopuevous, as they are never so used in medical language, Bacavi¢ew in it meaning to examine some part of the body, or.in- vestigate some medical question, and Bdcavos such examination or investigation —e. g. Galen. Usus Part. i. 9 (iii. 27): Goris 5¢, mply Grayta TadTa Bacavico— mept xpelas otera: poplwy Kada@s emeckéepOat, Kak@s éyvwke. Do. 5 (ili. 9): pepe otv mpOtov avTod Bacavicwuev Td wdpiov. Do. 9 (iii. 27): Kal Tay GAAwY

4 c Ul Hopiwy anavtTay tiv Baocavey moinoducda.

64 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART 1.

He alone of the N. T. writers uses the word j,oc—Heb. xu. 19, being a quotation from the LXX. He uses it also in chap. xxl. 25: ixoue Oadacone, on “account of the noise of the sea,” and Acts, il. 2: é tov ovpavov jxoc, “a sound from heaven as of a rushing mighty wind.” Now both akon and joc were used in medical language, but axon was so strictly confined to the technical meaning “the sense of hearing,” and to ‘‘the ears” themselves, that a phy- sician would scarcely have employed it in the meaning of a “report”—‘‘fame”—when he had other words to express the same. jyo¢ was the technical word to signify sounds in the ears and head, and was also used sometimes for the voice. Hippocrates, Morb. Acut. 390, uses both words together: ai axoal i)xou peorat, “the ears are full of sounds.” Hipp. Coac. Progn. 187: kai dua tov ovdTwy Hyove tatcoev. Hipp. Morb. Acut. 406: kai oiow jyor tHv ovaTwv zumin- rovot. Hipp. Morb. 462: rnyvwKatra yap tiyoe Eveotiy év TH kepady Papnkoet d& TO pév Te UTO TOV EowOev Wdpov Kal jxov. Hipp. Morb. 487: kai ra re ovata iixn¢g wAnpea yiverar. ° Aretaeus, Sign. Morb. Diuvturn. 84: jyor, BduBor ava rhv cepadyv. Aret. Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 388: jyor drwy kai Bdoufo. Aret. Cur. Acut. Morb. 90: Gapoe pévror éxi tie kepadije kat yoc. Aret. Cur. Acut. Morb. 182: rade pévror aocoe Kat HYwv oti aizva. Aretaeus, too, like St. Luke, uses #xoc of the noise of the sea. Cur. Acut. Morb. 89: kal aiytadov Hxo¢ Kal Kuuatwv KrbToc.

It signifies the voice in Dioscor. Mat. Med. ui. 84: coOierar Of jer OFupédrttog apuotwy Tole Tept apTnolav, uadAtota O& amoKoreiow ixotc. Dioscor. Mat. Med. v. 20:

‘ ‘ iy ” ‘ Q > ~ Kat TOV XOv EUTOVOV Kal Aapmpov amoreAdi.

¢ xu1. | THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 65

§ XLI. *reXeopooeiv.

Matt. xiii. 22: “ He also that received seed among the thorns is he that heareth the word; and the care of this world, and the deceitfulness of riches, choke the word, and he becometh unfruitful”—

kal akapmroc¢ yiverat. Mark, iv. 19—

kal akapmog yiverat. Luke, viii. 14—

kai ov * reAcopopovat. “And bring no fruit to perfection.”

Here St. Luke uses a word which is employed in medical language, and in it is not confined to vegetable productions only, but is also used of the human species, diseases, &e.

Aretaeus— zepi xayeEing —Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 54: wWpyn O& ov pin PépEet THdE, OVEE é¢ inv TeAEUTA, GAA POwd- Twpov pév Kve (kaxeSiny), Xeuav TiOnvel, tap O& &o KOOUdHY TeAeapopei, Dépoc Oo: Kreiver. Dioscor. Mat. Med. v. 2: dumedoc —1) dé Tig TeAcopooe mixodppat ovca Kai péAava Kai oTuTTIKh. Dioscor. Med. Parab. ii. 93: reAeopopetv df kai py) aToBaAAew TO tuPovov tac evoricMove yuvaikag Toover. omépparog peAavooréomov KoKKor a ev ODovin dsPévrec. Galen. Comm. v. 62, Aph. (xvii. B. 867): ob yap oidvré éote 76 Yuyodrepov orépua Kata THY Yvypdrepav Voréoav TeAEopoostaNa. Galen. Usus Part. iii. 1 (iii. 170): ‘aoe piv yao dvov Kat dvoc immov dvvair av kal déac0ar rd oméoua Kal cracwoacOa Kai TeAecpopijcat Tov¢ Cwov puxtov yéveoww. Galen. Usus Part. xiv. 7 (iv. 166): ovrw reAcohoosiv 7d Kinua. Galen. De Temperamentis, i. 6 (i. 547): cukijg piv yao ager) Bérard te kal wAciata TeAEopooEty auKa.

K

66 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART II.

§ XLII. * karakAlev.

Matt. xiv. 3: “For Herod had laid hold on John, and bound him, and put him in prison for Herodias’ sake, his brother Philip’s wife’”’—

kai év 7) pudaky aTéOero. Mark, vi. 17— kal ZOnoev avTov év puAaky. Luke, ii. 20— kal * karékAgce Tov Iwavenv év TH pudaky.

“ Shut up Jobn in prison.”

St. Luke here uses a very different word (karaxAévevv) from the other Evangelists, and one which, as well as avoxAsieeyv— also used by him—was much employed by the medical writers. It is used by him alone, and is met with again in Acts, xxvi. 10, in a similar connexion: kal mroddovde Tov aylwy ym gpvdakaic karéxAaoa, “and many of the saints did I shut up in prison.”

Hipp. Loc. in Hom. 417: kai rod pAéypa Kat xoXr) karaxAaobévra arpeulGwor. Hipp. Flat. 297: gpevypot yap ylvovrat peta Ta oitla Kal Ta TOTA TOloL TAEoTOLOLY, avaTpEXEL yap 6 katakAsoBsic anp. Hipp. Praedic. 75: duparoe Kcara- kAsioie gv O€éor Kaxdv. Galen. Caus. Morb. 3 (vi. 179): TuUpETOC eEapOhoera, karaxAstoQeione Evoov Tie Avyvuwdove ava0uudcewe. Galen. Diff. Febr. 1. 7 (vu. 297): roivuy ofimecQar ovpf3atve Tove piv ev TY PovPwre Xupodg KaTaKE- kAgopévouc ev évt ywply. Galen. Plenitud. 3 (vil. 524): catacAsaNelone ev avtoic mvevpatwoove ovatag moddXije.

Galen. Comp. Med. i. 4 (xiii. 386): PAamra OF 7) TOoabry

§ xxtv. ] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 67

oriwic gpvouréara, KarakAsle yao avrwv thv Oepudrnra muxvovca ra Ofpua. Galen. Usus Part. xiii. 12 (iv. 130): > \ , 0 Q 3 , NO ‘ ~ , ei yap KartekAsicOn piv Bpaxeta KowAdrynTe TO TOU Boaxiovocg aoQoov. Galen. Comm. ii. Aph. (xvii. B. 670): 67 kabamep év Gok Tie TY TeoLTOValy TO Vyody KaraKékAoTa. Galen. Usus Part. xi. 12 (ii. 895) : rite yA@rrn¢ Kabamep év omyAaly Tt KatakAEiouévng ty oTduart. Galen. Med. Defin. 415 (xix. 445): ioe éotiy ) Tv TépwY pvotKoV KaTaKAELoLC. Galen, too, speaking of a person in prison, uses this word. ’ ? Pp $ p Comp. Med. v. 2 (xiii. 776): év cipxra katrakexAcopévoc.

§ XLITI.

ig vytaive.

Our Lord’s saying, “ They that are whole need not a physician, but they that are sick,” is thus expressed by the first three Evangelists :—

Matt. ix. 12— ov ypéslavy Exovow ot iayvovTEc iaTpov. Mark, ii. 17— ov xpéiav EXovoly of iaxvovTEc iaTpou. Luke, v. 31— ov ypélay EXovow ot vytalvovTsec iaTpoU. St. Luke uses the medical term for “to be in good health.” See vyaivew, Luke vu. 10 (§ 9).

§ XLIV. * ere AEmewv.

In the account of the healing of the demoniac child, St. Matthew, xvii. 15, gives as the words of the child’s father: “ Lord have mercy on my son”:

ede eé 4 ‘ cc? Kupte, EAENDOV LLOV TOV VILOD.

68 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART 11.

St. Mark, ix. 17— AwWdokaXs, HveyKa TOV vidv pou Tpdc aE. ‘Master, I have brought unto thee my son.” St. Luke, ix. 88— AacxaXe, déouat cov, *2miBrépae eat rov vidv pov.

“‘ Master, I beseech thee, /ook upon my son.”

St. Luke uses the medical word, émPAéwew, “to look into a sick person’s state and condition.” See éa3dérew (§ 15).

§ XLV. * rpocayelv.

In the same miracle our Lord orders the child to be brought to him. St. Matthew (xvii. 17) gives the words—

, , DInEN. ce PEPETE [LOL AUTOV WOE. Mark, ix. 19— , ad aN , PepEeTE AUTOV TPO ME. Luke, ix. 41— * , fT) x 74 Tpocayaye woe TOY VLOV Gov.

St. Luke employs a word (zpocayev) which was used of bringing patients to a physician. See Luke, xvii. 40 (§ 19).

§ XLVI.

* caraxAlvewv.

In the account of the miraculous feeding of the five thousand we have (Matt. xiv. 19)—

keAsboae Tove byAove avaxAOjvat.

“ He commanded the multitude to sit down.”

§ XLVI. ] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 69

Mark, vi. 89—

HD Si ins > ~ , émératev auTOlc avakXivat TavrTac.

“He commanded them fo make all sit down.” John, vi. 10—

> ~ Tomoate Tove avOpwrove avarectiv.

‘Make the men sit down.’’ Luke, ix. 14—

* V7 > \ §, 2h r ¢ KATQAKALVQATE QUTOUC——Kal AVEKALVAY aTavTac.

“ Make them sit down—and they made them all sit down.”

St. Luke here, though using avaxAivey, as St. Matthew and St. Mark, yet uses *xaraxXivey also. He alone of the New Testament authors employs it; and in the other places where he does so it is in the passive (vu. 36, xiv. 8, xxiv. 30), which was a usual way for expressing “‘to lie down at table.” In the active voice, as here, however, it was the medical term for laying patients, or causing them to lie, in bed—placing them in certain positions during operations—making them recline in a bath, &c. Aristophanes thus uses it of laying a sick man on a couch in the temple of Aesculapius, to sleep there and be cured. Plut. 411: caraxXivew avrov sic "AokAnmiov Kpatistov zor. Vesp. 123: vixtwp xaréxAwev avrov sic “AoxAnTiov.

Hipp. Morb. Acut. 399: karakAlvewv 6: 2¢ Copepa oikhuata kal karaxexAloOar we emi padOaxwrdrost otpwmact mAEiorov xodvov. Hipp. Morb. 468: trara adsi~ag adsipare ToAAM katakNivat é¢ otpwpara padOaxkwe. Hipp. Morb. 474: kai karakNivac émi3ddXew iudria Ewe iSpwoy. Hipp. Intern. Affect. 561: trea karakAivac éuary. Hipp. Nat. Mul. 564: 7m 62 avpiov KatakAivac émt 76 isxiov ouKiny Tpoo- BadAav—karaxdivac ta. Hipp. Nat. Mul. 571: émjv & Tupijone, Oovvar mieiv Kal we Tayiota Aobsavra KarakXivat.

Hipp. Artic. 781: ypx 6? tov piv avOpwrov xapai katakXivat

70 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART Il.

tariov. Dioscor. Medic. Parab. ti. 56: karakAwar o& év Oepug olky Kat wAstoow iuariowe ype. Galen. Meth Med. x. 3 (x. 673): katékAwe tére Kal obyale Wpac cyeddv Tu THe nuépac évdexarnc. Galen. Med. Parab. i. 4 (xiv. 837): Bar- paxeiy xvAw@ pera pédutoc éyxupariGe sic Tv plva Umrtlov

, KatakAlvae.

§ XLVITI. * aro0AiBev.

In Mark, v. 31, we read: “Thou seest the multitude thronging thee” —

BAéree tov OxAOv avvOAiPovra oe. Luke viii. 45— of byAor cuvéxovol oe kal * atoOAiPovcr.

“The multitude throng thee and press thee.”

St. Luke alone uses *a7voOA\iSew. Some of the compounds of OAiBev were much used in medical language, and those most frequently used were amofA(Bav and e&OdAiBeav, but never ovvOXiBev: when the force of the civ was required, the medical writers employed ouvexOAiSev and cvvarobXiSev.

Hipp. Nat. Puer. 242: 7d yAukawwdépevov amd rie Bépyne Tie aTO THY pnTpéwy aToOALSopEvoy ZpyxETaL ic TObE maCovc. Galen. Comm.i.10, Progn. (xvii. B. 47): éxaréowe yap amo8At- Berat TO aiua mpoc tac év Toic dp0adrpoic PrAEBac. Galen. Comm. ii. 55, Fract. (xviii. B. 490): apooerioxorovpmevoe 76 veupwoec avTwy kal evaicOnror, iirrov yap aToAXNPecOa Bod- Nera. Galen. Usus Part. v. 13 (i. 3890): «i kat mavu tie isxupac EEwAev avoOXiBoc Thy Kvorw. Galen. Comp. Med. vi. 5 (xili.94): ciza apebhoac atd0AiBe pera Tov AoTOV Kal OUTW ulyvus. Galen. Comp. Med. vii. 10 (xiii. 1003): dv d0oviou Tov xvrAdv amoOAtbac %ye. Galen. Antid. i. 17 (xiv. 208):

kat Toic PiAAatg Toig aroTeMAyévole TO Tpavua KaTaTAaGoE.

§ xiv. ] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 71

Dioscor. Mat. Med. 1. 39: ci¢ 7d amoreOAtupsvoy KoriAnv Udaroe plav émiyéac. Dioscor. Mat. Med. iv. 161: 2& o@

amo0AiPerar To AeyOuevov Kikwwov EAaov. Dioscor. Medic. Parab. ii. 71: 6 amoOAPeic yvdAdc.

§ XLVIII. * rapacotov.

St. Matthew (ix. 8) states that the multitude who had witnessed the healing of a paralytic “ glorified God, who had given such power unto men.”

St. Mark (ii. 12) says—“They were all amazed, and glorified God, saying, We never saw it on this fashion ”—

7 > , e ” OTL OVOETOTE OUTWE ELOOMEV.

St. Luke (v. 26) says—‘“‘ They glorified God, and were filled with fear, saying, We have seen strange things to- day ”’—

IAN) a) OTL Eloouev *mapddoea onpeoov.

*apacoéov is used by St. Luke alone of the N. T. writers, and is the very word we would expect a physician to employ in reference to the healing of the paralytic; for in medical language it was used of an unusual or unexpected recovery from illness, or an unexpected death, wonderful benefit derived from a medicine, &c., &c. Hipp. Epid. 1153: Tig Tapa Tov BouPpwva TAnyele ToEebuarl, Ov ipuEic EwOaKameEv maoacogérara éowOy. Galen. Comm. ii. 4, Epid. i. (xvi. A. 273): «i ie mapadd&ov tivd apvdpav eArida owrnpiac. Galen. Comm. iii. 34, Epid. iii. (xvii. A. 688): dure oravidy TE Kal Tapadosov avroic cuvé(3n Kalame TO TOU KWLATOCG OUTW kal TO Tov wuperov. Galen. Comm. iv. 34, Aph. (xvii. B. 703): WG pn éK Tapaddéou ToT? owhHijvat, opodpov KatéxovTOg TOV kauvovta tuperov. Galen. Comp. Med. i. 22 (xiii. 558):

72 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART II.

trepov Of émt TO peTappovoy wapaddewe éréxe TO aima. Galen. Comp. Med. iii. 2 (xii. 586): ore ayDivar tpocg eué Tov avOpwrov we tm rapaddey ry cupfdeSnxore. Galen. Theriac. ad Pamphil. (xiv. 805): émt rutrwv 4 avridorocg mivomévyn Tapacdéwe katopOo0i. Galen. Remed. Parab. ii. 24 (xiv. 473): didov gpayeiv avuTémtwe, Tapaddewe Toei. Galen. Caus. Symph. i. 2 (vii. 100) : rapado€ov pév rot ti Kai ovK eiiopé- vwe ylyvomevov emi madde Meacauea vuyévtog ypapelw Kara mv kopnv. Galen. Diff. Respir. ii. 10 (vu. 870) : devrepaiou yap amo0avdvroc Tapacotorarwe. Compare the use of arozoc, Acts, xxviii. (§ 98.)

§ XLIX. * Stavonara.

Matt. xii. 24, &e—‘* But when the Pharisees heard it, they said, This fellow doth not cast out devils, but by Beel- zebub the prince of the devils. And Jesus knew their _ thoughts, and said unto them, Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation ; and every city or house di- vided against itself shall not stand: and if Satan cast out Satan, he is divided against himself; how shall then his kingdom stand ?””—

elowe 6& 6 Inaove tac évOumyoee avrov. Luke, x1. 17— avuroe o& Elowe avTa@Y Ta * CLavonpmarta.

The word used by St. Luke (* dcavojmara) to express the groundless notion of the Pharisees was employed in medical language to denote the whims and fancies of the sick.

Hipp. Epid. 959: ra d& wept ra vovonpara 2 wv diaywo- oxouev pmaQdvrec ék Tie KolvnE Pialoc aTavTwY Kal THE idine EkAOTOU EK TOU VOVOHpaATOC EK TOV VOG~OVTOC—<ék TIC KATAGTaGLOG bAne kat kata pépea THY OUpaviwy Kal KWONG EKdoTHC, eK TOV tOeoc, ek Tic Claityc, éK TMV emITHCEVUaTWY, EK THE HALKiac

§ x.J THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 78

ékaatou, Adyoist, TOdTOLEL, oLyH, Stavorpfacl, UTVOLOL, OVX Umvotst, éEvuTTVlotat Tist.

Galen gives us an illustration of what was meant in me- dical language by ccavoyjara, in the case of a patient who, when Galen visited him early in the morning, told him that he had lain awake all night contemplating the consequences that would ensue if Atlas thought himself tired, and objected to support the heavens any longer. Galen. Comm. ii. 1, Epid. 1. (xvi. A. 213): cio diavorjparta ov« aicOntdv ovde patvdpevov eOHjAwoev, GAN ek TEekunplwy EVpLoKOMEVOY TOAYMA. TEKMNPLOV O€ gory 0 amopéyyortal Te Kai TpaTTovoLy ol KauvovTEC, Tapa- yevomevoc youv tic nuwv Ewev, we oc, emt tiv emioxepw avrou ov OAne Edn Tie vUKTOG HypUTVHKivaL, cKoTObMEVOR, El dd€ee TH” ArAavti Kapvorre unkére Paoraev Tov ovpavor, 6 Tt Tor av oupuPaivy. rovro cimdvTog avTov ovvijKkamev apxiv Tiva peAayxorlac eivat.

§ L. * < / UTOOTPWVVULLL.

Matt. xxi. 8—“ And a very great multitude spread their garments in the way.” —

EOTPWOAV EAUTWY TA ipwaTia. Mark, xi. 8—

Ta iwaria avTWY ~oTpwoar. Luke, xix. 836—

* UTeoTPWYVUOY TA imaTla AUTMD.

*troorpwvvum. Peculiar to St. Luke. Here St. Luke

employs that particular compound of orpwévvumw used by the medical writers. By them it is used of spreading linens, cushions, &c., under a person before an operation ; also, in anatomical description, to describe the underlying position of membranes, tendons, &c.; and by Dioscorides is often used of spreading on the ground herbs which had the

property of keeping off venomous animals. i

74 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART II.

Hipp. De Foet. Exect. 914: avacetew 2 dc de owddva Umooropécacay avakXivat tiv yuvaika. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 617: Xp vd Ta ioxla Urooropéca: tt padOaxdv. Aretaeus, Sign. Acut. Morb. 10: t76 rior TAEupyor Kai TH payel Kal TY Evoov Owpnke vuny Aerrd¢e bréoTpwra. Galen. Medicus 11 (xiv. 712): dia 76 okAnpdy Tov peta&d ydvdpou medr VTécTpwrat avT@, olov padayua. Galen. Usus Part. ii. 7 (iii. 119): ob pdvov vetpoic TE Kal TévovoLY VEvEe ioxupol mEptZadrovTAaL avobev ca KaTwOev UrooTpwvvurvTa. Galen. Usus Part. v. 2 (i. 344): 1) bore émiorapévn adevWdéc TL COpa SOnmloupyh- saca, TO kadvipevoy TayKpeac, UmEeaTOpecé TE Ga Kal TEpLEe[Sa- Aev év KvKAW aot. Galen. Comm. iii. 12, Epid. vi. (xvii. B. 28): 7H yap torépa 76 piu Evrepov vreordpeora. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 617: kAXivny trocropéicavta avakXivew Thy yo- vaika wmrinv. Dioscorides, Mat. Med. i. 134: ra @tdAXa VroJumepeva TE Kal Vroorpwvvipeva Onpia siwKe. Dioscor. Mat. Med. i. 387: Oupuabévta Of spmera StwKEL Kal U7o0-

OTOWVVUpMEVA.

§ LI. evOeroc.

Matt. v.13: ‘Ye are the salt of the earth: but if the salt have lost his savour, wherewith shall it be salted ? it is thenceforth good for nothing, but to be cast out, and to be trodden under foot of men ’’—

b) > XQ ) - Elc OVdEY LOXVEL. St. Luke (xiv. 35), in recording a similar saying of our Lord, uses the words— ouTE cic yijv, OTE ic KOToiay eVOeTdv EoTIV—

“Tt is neither fi¢ for the land,” &. He uses this word again, ix. 62—‘ No man, having put his hand to the plough, and looking back, is fit (es@eroc) for the kingdom of God”’; and with the exception of Heb. vi. 7, it is found in St. Luke

§ xu.) THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 76

alone, as is also its opposite avevOeroc, Acts, xxvii. 12. The word is of frequent occurrence in the medical writers in the sense in which St. Luke uses it—“‘well adapted to” or “well arranged.”

Dioscor. Mat. Med. v. 9: xboree d2 Kal veppote evOeroc—6 62 oTpupvoc everwratog mpoe avadoow oitiwy—6 Of Tihv voor Exwv, kaxwrikde TV vevpwr, KboTE aDeTog Tpd¢ OF Ta Bavaoma evOerwrepoc. Dioscor. Mat. Met. u. 123: 7d & roovroy aerov piv mode intpLiKiy Xpiolv, Tpdc O& Ta AoUTA evQerov. Dioscor. Mat. Med. i. 12: padtora mpde¢ tiv inzpr- kv xpnow vOeroc. Dioscor. Mat. Med. i. 20: kat tic Ouptamatwv oKevactay éotiv evOerov. Galen. Renum Affect. 4 (xix. 669): o¥ piv od6? Kbotiv Kal irpov KatraTAdooey evOerov. Galen. Remed. Parab.: ’OAPivoe oivoe emi rév xorgpicov evOeroc. Hipp. Fract. 772: ai re pafsdor edOerw- repar ai piv EvOev, ai d? EvOev Tov opypwv—xal yap Tie pAEy- wove TO emtkatpOratov TapeAHAVOev Kai Ta doréa Yadapa Kal evOera seTa TavTac Tac Hpépac Gv ely. Hipp. Moch. 858: 76 oXRua OrEep 2) ewideore, we py é¢ THY TWrEpYHY aToTLEGTaL avW- tépw youvatoc totw evMeroc.

Sigal * rpoPpadrev.

Matt. xxiv. 32—‘‘ Now learn a parable of the fig tree ; When his branch is yet tender, and putteth forth leaves” —

kat Ta pvAda expen. Mark, xiii. 28—

Kal ekpun ta pvrAdXa. Luke, xxi. 30—

étav *mpoadrwow jon,

“When they now shoot forth.”

Here St. Luke uses * zpof3aAXev, a word used by him alone, and very frequent in the medical writers, both in other

significations and in this rare one of plants putting forth leaves, &c. See § 68.

76 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART IL.

§ LITI.

> areviCev.

In the account of the scene in the high priest’s palace, St. Mark says, xiv. 66, 67—“‘ And as Peter was beneath in the palace, there cometh one of the maids of the high priest : and when she saw Peter warming himself, she looked upon him 27 aes

euPA&Laca ato.

St. Luke (xxi. 56) says—

> ~ atevicaca avTW@—

*‘ earnestly looked upon him.”

areviZew is used twelve times by St. Luke, and, with the exception of 2 Cor. iti. 7, 13, is used by him alone. It is employed by the medical writers to denote a peculiar fixed look. Hipp. Hpid. 1162: dupara, avypnpa, cabapweea évée- ouwnpéva, atevicovra. Hipp. Epid. 1212: arevicag rote op- jac. Epid. 1216: époiwe of 6¢0ad\pol Katndéee, 2¢ TO KaTW BrA~papov padXroy éykeipevor, areviCovrec. Hipp. Praedic. 75: oicw év oracpwodeow 6p0adpot éxAGuTovew arevéwe. Hpid. 1017: dupara areviZovra. Aretaeus, Sign. Acut. Morb. 2: arevéeg évioovrec. Aret. Sign. Acut. Morb. 5: 6¢8adpot pux- pov oetv arevéec poAte reptoivotpevor. Aret. Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 33: 6¢0adpot arevéee képacr ikeAor wWerHyact. Aret. Cur. Acut. Morb. 84: arevéee 08 7b Eburrav Ewor, 6pBadpoi dF Oxoldy re Képac éorikwot. Galen. Remed. Parab. 1. 4 (xiv. 350): mpoc vuxradXwrac.—iwap aiyoc évéiibwv Kédeve avrove meptkaduapévove areviCey cic THY XUTpaY Kal déxeaDat THY artpioa rote 6¢MaApotc. Galen. De Puls. 12 (viii. 484) : avOic © emt mAkiotov atevicg bpwvtec SueTéAecayv ackapoapuKtt

~ , TapaTAnciwe Tolc KaTOXoLe.

§ xv. ] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. Tel

§ LIV. Ki dtisxupifecBar. Further on in the same narrative St. Matthew writes

(xxvi. 78): “After a while came unto him they that stood by, and said to Peter, Surely thou also art one of them”— eimov Tw Llérpy. St. Mark, xiv. 70: “They that stood by said again to Peter,” &¢.— EAeyov Tw [lérpy. St. Luke, xxii. 59: “And about the space of one hour after another confidently affirmed, saying, Of a truth this fellow was with him’”—

* dtioyuptCero.

* SucyupiZecOa, peculiar to St. Luke. icyupiZecba and SticxuptZec0a are used in medical language, isyupiCecBa for “ to gain strength,” and both words in the same way as in this passage. Galen. Usus Part. iii. 8 (ii. 201): ty’ aua piv Exol, O¢ @v ioxupifotro 7d pédog. 0 6) KaAgirat tapadc. Also, to insist on a medical opinion.—Galen. De Morb. Tempor. iv. (vii. 448): ob pévroe icxupiZw Eywye wept avrov. Galen. Comm. i. 3, Artic. (xviii. A. 309): aAN eire wept auporépwy T@Y TpOTWY ElTE Tepl BaTépov pdvoUV Pyoly ovUK EXELY ioxupl- cacOa. Galen. Comm. i. 3, Artic. (xviii. A. 312): dua ratr’ ovv kal 6 ‘Immoxpdrne pnot ph diicxupicacBat Bratwe. Galen. Philosoph. Hist. 5 (xix. 241): "Emixoupoce 82 diicxupiferar Méywv. Hipp. Artic. 780: Gov d apbpov eva rpdrov oida dAtcBaivoy Tov é¢ TV pacyaAnv, dvw O& ovdéTOTE ELOOV OVOE EC 7d Ew, ov pévror Clicxuptetw ye ci OAtoDaivor Gv 7) OV—Ov pEéV ioxupiciw ye ove: wept rovrov, ei ju) éxTéoy Gv oUTwWE 7 Ov. Hipp. Decor. 23: 86& 7) ék rovréwy dtisyuptGomevor. Hipp. Praecept. 26: opadepi) yap Kai evrraictog % per adorgcxing isxvpynoitc—xpiomac c: Kal ToKikog Tov Tposhepopévwn TY vootovrt kal 6 Tpoopicpoe, Ott udvov TL TposEevey Div wHedhoet,

ov yap ioxuphatog Oei.

78 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART Il.

LV. Baroc.

A saying of our Lord is recorded by St. Matthew (vii. 16) thus: “Do men gather grapes of thorns, or figs of thistles?””—

pre ovdd~yovow amd axavOev orapvdac, 7 amo

TolPdAwv ouKa.

St. Luke, vi. 44: “ For of thorns men do not gather figs, nor of a bramble bush gather they grapes” —

ov yao && axavOev ovdXéyouo ciKa, ovde ek Patou

Tpvywou orapvAny.

Here St. Luke uses Baroe, “the bramble bush,” instead of rpiBodoe, “a thistle.” He, no doubt, was well acquainted with it, as it was extensively used medicinally by the ancient physicians. Theophrastus, H. P. i. 5, mentions it—Paroe axavOwone and Dioscorides, Mat. Med. iv. 387 (wept Barov), describes its medicinal properties, and states that the fruit, juice, leaves, and tender shoots were used. Galen also has a chapter on its medicinal use. Galen. Aliment. Facul. 1. 18 (vi. 589): wept rwv tov Barov kaprw@v. There were several varieties of it, and Sprengel (Note on Dioscor. iv. 37) identi- fies it with the rubus fructicosus, “the blackberry bush,” whenever it is mentioned by itself without any distinguishing epithet, as here by St. Luke.

On account of the bramble being so well known to physi- cians, it is probable that St. Luke translated by Paroc the Syriac word used by our Lord, which St. Matthew translated by rptoroe.

The medical writers abound in prescriptions in which the [3aroc formed an ingredient, and Wetstein on Matt. vii. 16, quotes from Galen an expression very similar to this saying of our Lord: 6 yewpyoe ovK av Tote Ouvicaito Totjoat TOY

Barov éxpépev dzpuv.

§ tv1.] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 79

Hipp. Morb. Mul. 666: Baroy abjv cody Veari kal 2Aaly Kar Tove paove KatatAdooev. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 668: Barov pidAa kal pduvou Kal 2Aaing, duov Asia piace Kal Ovigévar ev peAKONTY. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 669 : éuotwe dé kai pytivyy broBadXEw Kai Kvauwpov Kal onipvav Sdbv Barwy didAXore. Galen. Remed. Parab. i. 5 (xiv. 348): kal abrot¢e o: Tpocayev ToC kav@oie, i} Barov 7} pddwy xvdAdv. Galen. Remed. Parab. i. 8 (xiv. 360): pdopwy xvdAov 7) Parou—pédite plEag Kal ew OXlyov é~noac, cuaxpe. Galen. Remed. Parab. ii. 10 (xiv. 436): Parov axozuovac tpibac odv pédute KatamAacos. Galen. Remed. Parab. iii. (xiv. 514): Barov piAXa cataTAacobusva. Galen. Remed. Parab. iii. (xiv. 551): rov Badrov 6 xvdde EKTLEGOMEVOS Kal EvoTaGdmevog ci¢ TO OVE TavEL TOV TOvO>Y. Galen. Comp. Med. vi. 8 (xii. 973): [drov 7} opiorne 7 podwy yur pera pédttroc ypo. Do. (974): Barov 7 aypteAaiov pigne i) KuTépou ageWiare pera pédtroc.

§ LVI.

= s , *tmoxvew. *aywvia. *idpwc. *Oodufor altuaroc.

karaBatverv. Avry.

The Agony in Gethsemane.—Matt. xxvi. 37-46: “And he took with him Peter and the two sons of Zebedee, and began fo be sorrowful and very heavy (Aveioba kat adnuovetv). Then saith he unto them, Wy soul is exceeding sorrowful, even unto death (xepthumde éotiv 1) Puxh pov Ewe Davarov): tarry ye here, and watch with me. And he went a little farther, and fell on his face, and prayed, saying, O my Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me: never- theless not as I will, but as thou wilt. And he cometh unto the disciples, and findeth them asleep, and saith unto Peter, What, could ye not watch with me one hour? Watch and pray, that ye enter not into temptation: the spirit indeed is willing, but the flesh is weak. He went

80 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART II.

away again the second time, and prayed, saying, O my Father, if this cup may not pass away from me, except I drink it, thy will be done. And he came and found them asleep again: for their eyes were heavy (joav yap av’twv ot 6¢0adAnot BeBapnuévor). And he left them, and went away again, and prayed the third time, saying the same words. Then cometh he to his disciples, and saith unto them, Sleep on now, and take your rest: behold, the hour is at hand, and the Son of man is betrayed into the hands of sinners. Rise, let us be going: behold, he is at hand that doth betray me.”

St. Mark’s (xiv. 33) description of the Agony is almost identical with that of St. Matthew, except that instead of AureicAa of Matthew, he uses éxOauetobar, “He began to be sore amazed,” and kataBapuvouevor instead of B<Bapnpévor, “their eyes were heavy.”

When, however, we turn to St. Luke’s description of the same scene, we find an account having all the characteristics of medical writing, and detailing in medical language the prostration of strength (ayysdoc évicytwv avrdv) and the outward and visible effects (idpH¢ woe Opduf3or aipwatog) on his human frame of the inner anguish of our Lord.

Luke, xxii. 41-46: “And he was withdrawn from them about a stone’s cast, and kneeled down, and prayed, saying, Father, if thou be willing, remove this cup from me: never- theless not my will, but thine be done. And there appeared an angel unto him from heaven, strengthening him (imoxiwv avrov). And being in an agony (év aywvia), he prayed more earnestly : and his sweat (6 idepwe avrov) was as it were great drops of blood (wast Opduf3or aiwaroc) falling down (kataPai- vovtec) to the ground. And when he rose up from prayer, and was come to his disciples, he found them sleeping jor sorrow (amo rig Adwye), and said unto them, Why sleep ye? rise and pray, lest ye enter into temptation.”

*2yoxbev. With respect to this word, it is remarkable that, outside the LXX., its use in the transitive sense, “ to

§ xvr.] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 81

strengthen,” is confined to Hippocrates and St. Luke. All other writers who employ it do so‘in the intransitive sense, “to prevail,” “be strong.” Hippocrates uses the simple form icyvew also in the same sense, “to impart physical strength.” Hipp. Lex, 2: 6 8 ypdvocg ravra érnicyboe Tavra, we Tpapjvat teAéwe. Hipp. Affect. 526: worotor de ~ my A ¢€ / fy \ , “‘ \ 7 xpicBa, Hv piv brayev enc tiv Koi\lay Kal THY KboTLY, \ = By , ri eS Oa , > Q A yAukdv oivoy 7) pedixpatov’ iy Ct arbpew, avoTypor, AEvKoV, AetTov, Veapéa® Iv O& ioxdety avoTnpoy pédava.

*aywvia, peculiar to St. Luke, is used in medical lan- guage, as are also ay@yv and aywwav. Aretaecus uses aywvia of a struggle in connexion with the passage of a calculus. Aret. Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 61: aywvin d: devrépyn rod AiBov, 1) dia Tov KavAov OréEod0c. Galen employs it more in the sense of St. Luke.—Galen. Hipp. et Plat. Decret. ii. 7 (v. 336): ” XQ . 4 Q A > , Q A > , évOa not, tiv AbTHY Kal THY aywvlav Kal Thy dvyny >? 7 € 7 ie > , ‘ / ‘ > - adynodvac Urapxev—Hroouev aywviav Kat A¥THY Kal OdbvnY adynddvac eivat Ty yéver—aywviac pévtor kal TNE oioV yévocg sival te THY aAynodva. Galen. Meth. Med. xu. 5 (x. 841): kai Adware d? Kat aywriat Kat Ovpoi Kal PpovTidec, ev t , ‘ ¢ , > , 7 , ‘ Oly ToOTY Kal ai TAElovc aypuTVia AaTTOVOL KaTaAbovoa THY Ovvauty, év piv OH TOUTOLE ATacw avTH Kal” EavTHVY 7) PuxXT kivetraz. Galen. Progn. ex Puls. i. 1 (ix. 219): cai rv rev aptnpiav Kiynow avopadrov icyev weléw aywvia. Galen. Synopsis de Puls. 7 (ix. 451): év @ pndeutav tEwbev Exe TO copa kiynow ek TEoLTaTOU—7 aywviag 7) Oupov Tivog 7) Pd[Sov. Galen. San. Tuend. ii. 9 (vi. 138): rote OvpwOetor Kat rotc aywviwot Kat Toi¢ aidicDeiow, avenore Tig zupbrov yiyverae Ocpudrnrog—ov yap novyale 7O wvevma WoTED Kal TO THY aywnervt7wy. Galen. Progn. ex Puls. iii. 7 (ix. 382): kivynotg jricovv Kat TaDocg LuyiKov dpyobévtwv 7 poPnbévrwv }) dywvicdytwv 7} 6Twoovr éErépwe TapayOévtwv.

Both Aristotle and Theophrastus mention the fact of a sweat accompanying an agony, and state the reasons for it.

Aristotle, Probl. ii. 31: dia ri of aywrtivrec idpovot Tog

, A ‘ , ” nw (y/o c > , he , > mO0ac, TO Ot TPdcwrOV OV—i STL 7 aywvia, Poo Ti¢ éore M

82 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART It.

mpoe apxnv tpyou’ 6 o& PdBoc, karavEic TOV avw. uo Kal WXplLOGt TA TOdswTA Ol AywMLGVTEC, KLVOUVTAL Of Kal GkaipovaL Toic Toot. Tolovor yap TOvTO Of aywriwvrec Kal Kabamep yuuvatovtat’ oid eikdrwe idpuver TavTa oi¢ TovoveL.

Theophrastus, De Sudoribus, 86: Gri of dywvidvreg Tove moéoac idpwot 70 62 TedcwTOV OV.—7TO OF aiTLOV OTL 1) aywvia éoTiv ov juetaoraate Depudrntoe WomEp ev Toic Pdfdoic, adda uaddrov avénore xabawep ev 7H Ovpey—xKai aywriovrec OF Ov dua ~OBov TovTO Tacyovow, adda Oia TO MadAAOV EkOeppatve- o0a—Enpaive yap 7) Deopudrne éwimoAaZovea (76 év TpOTwTYH Vypov) TO Of év TOLC TOG oUVTIKEl.

* iSpwe, peculiar to St. Luke, was much used in medical language; the nature and quantity of the sweat being closely observed by the ancient physicians in cases of sickness. Hipp. Judicat. 54: idpee TwovrAde axphtwe yevomevoc vyrat- vovtt vdoov onpaive. Hipp. Coac. Progn. 209: idpwe dé Wuxpoc év oF piv mwuperp Oavaomoc. Hipp. Hpid. 954: Toiot O& TAsioro.ot TETapraloloty OL TOvOL MéyLoToL Kal Lopw¢ éxt mAgtorov vmdyvypoc. Hipp. Epid. 1100: uperoe ppikwone, moAdve idpwc, Evveyne. Hipp. Hpid. 1207: Gyooaiw ispwo eyévero Kal TaAW ércBépunve, t Tad idpwe. Aretaeus, Sign. Morb. Acut. 22: fv 82 kat Oviokew péddwor icpwe Wuypdc. Aret. Cur. Acut. Morb. 115: ispwe d rep pérwra kat kAyldag Kal wavrn Tov Gcwpatoe aTayonv péN- Dioscor. Mat. Med. ii. 193: 6 6& dzoxpivdpuevoe tdpac xorAwene evpioxera 7H ypoia. Galen. De Crisibus, il. 6 (ix. 663): We ovre piyoc av’Tw Tponyhoerae TOV TapoSvopov of” idpwe era. Galen. Progn. ad Posthum. 10 (xiv. 651): Tpoyvwole VTooTpopic TupETOV Kal Avoie avTIg OU idpwroc.

*@pduor aiwaroc, peculiar to St. Luke, was an expression very common in medical language. Opduf30¢ was a clot of co- agulated blood, and is thus described by Galen, De Atra Bile. 2 (v. 106): kat thy ye wn&wv avrov (aiuatoc) teAevTwoav éi¢ Opouov dpmpev’ ote yap EOoce dvouaZew Tote “EXAnot 76 memnyoc aima. Aretaeus, Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 71: zayd kal wemnyoc oiov Opduf3o. Hipp. Morb. 393: émdrav ouv

{ é

ee

VE

§ ivr. ] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 83

mpoon AYE Gua Kal aipatoc ApduBove amoPijcon. Hipp. Morb. 483: kat Biooa dua ty ctdrty OpduBove aiparoc. Hipp. Intern. Affect. 531: trea ApduBove aiparoc éx[pac- osrat kat OALyov Kat Oayeva. Hipp. Ulcer. 881: cat OpdéuBov aiwatog év TOIc Yaopmorce jo) av. Dioscorides, Mat. Med. 101: Opdupsove aiuarocg dcuadva odv GEe wolcica. Dioscor. Mat. Med. ii. 38: aiuaroc Opdéufove diatia. Galen. Tempera- ment. Medic. vil. (xiii. 824): cat OpduBove aipatoe rhxew mentorevra. Galen. Medicus 13 (xiv. 750): da OpduBov aiuatoc amoxAslovra tiv dlodov.

Aristotle mentions “a bloody sweat,” arising from the blood being in a poor condition. De Part. Animal. iii. 5: On O£ tow Wpdoa ovvéBy aipatwdee TepiTTmpare Sid Kaye- Elav, rou piv swmaTro¢g puadog Kal javov ywopmévov, Tov Ok aiuatoc eEvypavbévroc ov amefbiav, advvatotone rie év Tote pAsBiowg OcsoudryTo¢ wéooety, Oe OAvyéryra. And Hist. Ani- mal. ii. 19: (aiuaroc) eEvypavopévov d2 Alay vocovow, yive- Tal yap ixwposidic Kal Sioppovrat odTWE Wore On Tee LoLcaV aiatwon idp@7a. And Theophrastus, De Sudor. 11, mentions a physician who compared a species of sweat to blood : det, cal Aewrorne Tic Kal TaxdTn¢ zoTly év Tole idpwot, 6 fev yap ém- TOAaLog Kal TPWTOE VOaTwWOne Tic Kal ETTOC, 6 OF ek aDouC uardov Baptrsepoc, WomEp cuvTnKopévnc Tie capKoG, Oe OF Tiveg pact Kal aiuare cixaca, Kabdmep Movac éXeyev 6 iatpoc.

The particular word xaraaivev, employed by St. Luke to describe the falling down of the sweat, was applied by the medical writers to the descent of humours, &c., from the upper to the lower parts of the body. Hipp. Nat. Puer. 241: T) Vypw amo Tic KEepadrij¢g KataBatvovra. Hipp. Morb. 450: 7d d& pAéyua aT Tic Kepadte Kataaive. Hipp. Aph. 1257: dxdoa piyypata ix vwTov é¢ Tove ayK@vace KataBaive pAcBoroun Ave. Hipp. Hpid. 1110: wept 82 kpiow yuva- keta woAAG katé3n. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 600: kxaraBaive 76 préyna Spyud é¢ tiv xowAinv. Hipp. Praedic. 109: 4 ddbun cataPatyy THY Kepadry avoAuTovea. Hipp. Acut. Morb. 386:

‘ ¢

oxorav kal 1 Oépun Kara[3n te Tove wédac. Hipp. De Flat.

84 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. (PART II.

299 : oidjpara o& é¢ Tac KVHpac kataPatvec. Galen. Comm. ii. 80, Humor. (xvi. 470): id eldopev toAXaKic sig Tove adévac kai rac cdpkacg KataPalvecOar ra psvpara. Galen. Comm. iii. 83, Epid. (xvii. A. 780): yuvaieta karé[3n.

St. Luke assigns an adequate cause for the excessive sleepiness of the disciples on this occasion. The other Hvan- gelists merely say, “for their eyes were heavy” (yap avrwy ot dp0aruot BeBapnpévor), but St. Luke states that it arose from anxiety (amo tic Xbwnc). It is evident that their condition was owing to their anxiety for their Lord, coupled with the want of their usual rest. It is remarkable how frequently this word Adan is joined with privation of sleep (aypumvia) and cares (ppovridec) in the medical writers, and assigned as a cause of an abnormal condition of the system, or even of disease. Hipp. Morb. Acut. 403: iy d& duadinra 7d copa —pihre bro NOmHE hte VTS Ppovridwy mire aypuTVG. Hipp. Epid. 1108: év Oaow yurn duvoaviog ék AUTNE META TEOHAGLOG OpVoorddny zyéveto AypuTVde TE Kal GotTOg Kal dulwodne, hv Kat acwonc. In this instance we have Avrn producing sleepless- ness, which we may assume to have been the case of the dis- ciples up to the point of their being worn out by this want of sleep and anxiety. Hipp. Hpid. 1115: wuperdc pomwdne, o&ve, ix Abdmne EAaPev. Galen. Comm. i., Nat. Hom. ii. (xv. 114): kat Tact Tog EGwOev airiowe, WoTEp ye Kal UVTO aypuTviag Kal ANbanc—sie vdcove adyovta. Galen. Comm. i. 28, Humor. (xvi. 809): tad76 rovTo yiveoOar cupPaiver ov pdvoy dia Amor kal 2vdaav Tpogig Kai aypuTviay adda Kal—Adryv opodpar. Galen. De Opt. Const. Corp. 3 (iv. 748): ai BAaBar rote owmacty hoy ai piv azo Tov Ewlev aitiov—év robrw O& TH yévet kal KOrouc Kal AbTrac Kal ayoumviag kat ppovricac boa y aAAa roavra Oeréov. Galen. De Crisibus i. 13 (ix. 698) : 7 Ko.AdTne O& KOLVOY aTdvTwy sbuTTwua, ATHC, aypuTviac, ppovridoc—xai ro péyeDoc THY ohuypeV OvK apaipsirar Kaba- meo tw ayoumviac Kat AbTNE Kal poovtidoc. Galen. Loe. Affect. iii. 10 (viii. 193): rovatrn peAayxoXla émvyiyverae 68 Kal ppovtion kal AbTaLE ET ayputuev. Galen. Meth. Med.

§ xvr.] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 85

x. 5 (x. 687): Woreo Kal emt ric avOpmrov rijc apEapuévne mupérrey Oc ayourviay cat Ai7yy. Galen. Comm. iv. 97, Morb. Acut. (xv. 903): ayputvia, Ovuoi, Avra, Poor.

The medical language employed affords internal evidence of the authenticity of verses 43, 44 of Luke xxii., which are omitted in some mss.

The foregoing examples have been selected and placed together because in their case there is an opportunity of com- paring the language of St. Luke with that used in parallel passages by the other Evangelists. They do not embrace some of the most remarkable instances of St. Luke’s use of medical language outside of medical subjects. ‘They would be, however, sufficient of themselves to show that there is, independent of the professional language employed in relat- ing the miracles of healing, a class of words running through the Gospel of St. Luke which does not occur in the other New Testament writings, but which is in common use in Greek medical language.

The remainder of this part will be occupied with the examination of other similar words in St. Luke’s Gospel and the Acts of the Apostles, which occur in passages where we cannot make a comparison with parallel passages in the writings of other New Testament authors. Some of these words stand out prominently as those of a physician, e. g. apxat d06vyi¢ (Acts, x. 11); avadnyce (Luke, ix. 51) ; azo- katdotacic (Acts, iti. 21); Aijpoce (Luke, xxiv. 11); éax- poacOa (Acts, xvi. 25); cic paviay mepirpémev (Acts, xxvi. 24), &c.; while with regard to the others, they readily fall into the same category as wAhupupa, pnypa, ouprinren, tpipa, BeAdvne, tpooWavev, aroc, &c., in the case of which we had an opportunity of comparing the language of the other Evangelists, and it will be shown that almost all of them were words commonly employed in the phraseology of a Greek physician.

86 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART II.

What is attempted to be shown amounts to this—that St. Luke did not forget or abandon the language of his earlier years and professional training on becoming a Chris- tian teacher and historian; but that, even in his general narrative, he frequently employs words and phrases, when they suited his purpose, to which, from long association, he had become habituated through his early studies and professional pursuits.

SVL. une

KO = *¥Q 7 ie ay 2 c , ETTLY ELPELV. ounynate: QUTOTTNG. VUmTNPETHC. TapaxoAov- Gey. .* Oupav. ig ov\Aap aver. ovAauPavev év

~ J *orsipa. *arexvoc.

, > xo * yaoTpl. tv yaoTpl ExElv. “EyKUO. *8 / *2 , , ae) *?

laTaPaOGELV. EKTAPAGGELVY. TAapayxoc- yupac. ava-

pwvev. *mwakidiv. mapaxpihpa.

axpifpwe (verse 3, § 93). aoparea (v. 4, § 82). oe (v. 9, § 58). miwrAnue (v. 15, § 60). éareBAérew (v. 48, § 15). guTiumAnue (v. 53, § 60). ovyyévera (v. 61, § 87). apeoic (v. (ES 59).

1. “ Forasmuch as many have taken in hand (rexetpnoav) to set forth in order a declaration (éiynow) of those things which are most surely believed among us.”’

*emtyerpetv, peculiar to St. Luke (used also Acts, ix. 29, xix. 13), was a word very frequently employed in medical language. Hippocrates uses it sometimes in the literal sense of “‘ applying the hand to,” but generally it is used as here, “to take in hand,” “to undertake.”

Hipp. Hpid. 1147: sovrw érexepioOn rpow aipoppotor. Hipp. Morb. Acut. 896: kat Evorpogai voonuatrwy ov dbvavrat AbcoOat iy Tic TpwTov ériyE—pep PappmakeveLv—ObKdoor OF Ta pAreynatvovta tv apxy tev votowy EDiwc emryepéovor AbELY pappakeiy. Hipp. Haemor. 891: airy c& H av émexepinc

A — laa a le il

§ Lv. ] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 87

kavoal, avakAivag Tov avOpwrov Uariov. Hipp. Epid. 1149: mpoty & émcxetpéev intpedecOa. Hipp. Praedic. 93: émyep- ey Of yp Touréoie TOV intpdv. Galen. Comm. ii. 71, Praedic. (xvi. 656): 76 rotvuy rode ovTwe ExovTac emiyetpEiv papuaxevery analove gov. Galen. Comm. ii. 52, Epid. i. (xvi. A. 150): 6 wiv yap iarpbe avedety émcyeipel TO vOonma. Galen. Comm. ii. 22, Aph. (Xvi. B. 501): aAN doa kata Tov avTov yiverat xpovoy emrystpoupev iaca. Galen. Comm. vi. 18, Aph. (xviii. A. 28): émyepet Ocparebaev. Galen. Comp. Med. iy. 2 (xiii. 668): ryvixatra 7) OepaTrety Tov KaxorOouc EAkove emixeiptiv.

Hippocrates, in beginning his treatise ‘‘ De Prisca Medi- eina,” like St. Luke, uses this word —éxdcor éreyetonoav mept inrpikiic Aéyew 7} ypapev; and Galen begins his “ De Foet. Formatione”—~ept tig tov Kuoupévwy claTtAdoewe émexelpnoav pév Te kal piddcopor ypapew.

* Oifynoic, peculiar to St. Luke, was particularly applied to a treatise on some medical subject. Thus Hippocrates applies it to one of his own. Morb. Acut. 392: 6 od? XAeuvKdc oivwene oivog éryvyrat piv Kal Ebexra Ta TAEioTa Kal Ta péyLora Hon év TH TOV yAuKéoe olvov myhoe. Galen uses it of his own treatises and those of other physicians. Antid. 1.5 (xiv. 51): aAXou O& woAXOl THVv yeypaddtwv cbvfera PappaKka TapéAuTOV elev THY okEvaciav TOV 1OvYpdov Kata THY TeOl THs OnpLaKne oupynow. Comp. Med. iv. 7 (xiii. 718): rijv 6& rept Tov papuakov oujyynow Fypalev 6 “HpaxXcidne. He even uses it of Thucydides’ account of the plague at Athens. Comm. iv. 12, Epid. vi. (xvii. B. 168): 6 6& OovKvdidne—elonrar 62 TavTa Ur avrov Kara Tv AoyuKHY Suyynow, év TH CEvTéoa TOY iotwowwv. And in his Commentary on the Epidemics of Hippocrates alone he uses it at least seventy-three times of some one or other of the treatises of Hippocrates.

Galen. Comm. ii. 5, Epid. i. (xvii. A. 92): kai avroc¢ o capwe 6 lamoKparne évedeiEato Kata THY TPOKELEVHY onjynoiv. Galen. Comm. iii. 1, Epid. i. (xvii. A. 258): epi dvomvotag yeyoapac oveey 3 ty bAy TH Smyiou. Galen. Comm. i. 4,

88 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PaRt IL.

Epid. i. (xvii. A. 523): kat mode robroe Ere TadXa boa Kata Ti Oihynow eypale 6 ‘Immoxpatne yevéobar tw [vbiwve. Galen. Comm. i. 5, Hpid. i. (xvu. A. 529): é& tov pavar tov Immokoatny Kata THY apyrv THE OMyioEewe ew avTOU TO, mvp t\aBev, wore yap ep érépac Cuyynoewe Eyoaev, Ke. Galen. Comm. ii. 4, Epid. i. (xvii. A. 600): ‘“Immoxparne avT0¢ év TH Omyhoe TWY appwoTwy ~ypape. Galen. Comm. iii. 41, HEpid. ii. (xvii. A. 695): éy rote tept TH ovpwy Smyhceow clwle ypabac ta supp <eBnkdra 6 “ImmoKparne.

2. “ Even as they delivered them unto us, which from the beginning were eyewitnesses (avrémrat), and ministers (vmnpérat) of the word.”

* avromrne, peculiar to St. Luke, was used in medical language to denote the examination, by a person himself, of disease or the parts of the human body anatomically, instead of obtaining the information at second hand from the ac- count of others.

umnpérne occurs twenty times in the New Testament, in four of which it is used of bwnpéra in the Christian dispen- sation—here, and John, xviii. 36; Acts, xxvi. 16; 1 Cor.iv. 45. It is used in medical language to denote the attendants and assistants of the principal physician in performing an opera- tion, &c., where the services of more than one person were required. In Acts, xiii. 5, this word is used in a sense alto- gether analogous to its medical one, where it is said that Paul and Barnabas in their missionary journey had Mark as their minister—<iyov 6? cat Iwavyny vanpérnv. Joined as it is here with the other medical term, avzézrne, it seems highly probable that the use of both words was owing to St. Luke’s professional bias, particularly as the medical use of both was quite analogous to that in this passage.

vrnpéra. Hipp. Offic. 740: ra & é¢ yepoupyinv Kar intpstov’ 6 aoevéwy, 6 dpwv, of Umnpéral, Ta Spyava. Galen. Comm. v. 1, Hpid. vi. (xvi. B. 231): rode umnpérac tov iarpwv. Galen. Comm. i. 1, Fract. (xvii. B. 331): nai

~ Uj ad c ~ ~ TOLOVELY HON OUTWE TaVTEC Ot iaTpul Tale YEPol movaG THY

§ tvir.] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 89

Umnpst@v emitpérovtec. Galen. Comm. ii. 7, Offic. (xvi. B. 675): 6 re tarpdg tore Kal of Uanpéra. Galen. Anat. Administr. i. 3 (ii. 233): Kav’ apyde piv ody Kdude TOV imnperov tic eGédepe Tove mOjKove. Galen. Comm. ii. 21, Humor. (xvi. 278): aAN od pdvov 6 iatpo¢ Sbvarat airiay Tov opadmatoc Tapéxely, ovk Op0Ge mpagac adda Kat 6 Kapvwv kat of brnpérar. Galen. Comm. v. 1, Epid. vi. (xvii. B. 226): Soxel yap tyuiv piv AéyeoOa Kal 1 pbote iaoAa tac vdcove, OpDGe OE Kat 1) iaTpLKr Kat 6 iatpde, aAnDdc dF Kal 6 UTnpéTnE avrov. Galen. Instrument. Odor. 6 (11. 826): rev vanperou- pévwv Toig Yepovpyovorv. Hippocrates calls a physician the minister of the art of medicine: 1 réyvn dia Tpiwv, TO vdonpa, 6 vocéwy, Kal 6 intpdc, 6 intpoe UmnpéTNE Tne Téxvnc. Galen. De Dieb. Decretor. i. 11 (ix. 823): otrw d2 Kat rov tarpdoy UTNpETnY Pioewe dvomate TOV OvTWE LaTpOV, OV PapnaKkoTwAnY TW EK TPLOCOD.

*avromra, peculiar to St. Luke. Galen. Comm. iv. 40, Artic. (xvii. A. 731): citrpe ovv ovoneg Kpisewe amtavTwy TWY TOLOUTWY TpAay"aTwWY TICE Mév ETéepag Grav avToTTHC TIC yévntac tov Cnroupévov. Galen. Nat. Facul. i. 6 (1. 12): GAN avrémtny yevousvov ekuabeiv yp dia THY avaTapov. Galen. Anatom. Nery. 2 (ii. 832) : dv ovre paciov <imety ove axovoag lowe miotevosc mply avtémtng yevécOar Oedparoc. Galen. Usus Part. ii. 7 (i. 117): rv KcaracKevijy amacav axpipo¢ dev éerictacOa tay év Taig diaipéceot patvouévwv avrorrTny yevouevov emyedAwc. Galen. Usus Part. xiv. 6 Gv. 158): trav Aeyouévwy avtémrne yévoio tpocbhce yap oid tt TO Astrov Tw Adyw TOV pepéwv 4 OHéa. Galen. Usus Part. xiv. 12 (iv. 196): aAN emt tae diapéiceeg tov Cowv apicdusvocg avromrue yivecOa THv Epywv Tig picewc. Galen. Meth. Med. xiv. 16 (x. 1011): ci kat dv 6Aov 70d Biov puptwy Epywv iarpikov avTomra yiyvowrTo. Galen. Temper. Medic. vi. Proem. (xi. 796): éy® piv yap eueupounv rote mpwrote ypaact ta¢ idéac THY Potavav auEvoy yobmevoe avTémTny yevéoIa rap av7y ry Siddoxov7. Galen. Comp. Med. iii. 2 (xill. 570): yve@vae rv VA Tov papudkwy avromrag auTng

N

90 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PARr I.

ywopévoucg ovx uae 7) dic add woAXakic. Galen. Comp. Med. iii. 2 (xiii. 609): od pujy ov8 adrémrny yevécba rpav- parwv TrauTo\Awy oidvy Té TIWa Ywpic TeV ev TodAEguLOLC. Galen. Usus Part. vi. 20 (iii. 508): yen rotrwy avromrucny meipav yevéoOat.

3. “It seemed good to me also, having had perfect under- standing (mapykoAovOnkd7e axpy3oc) of all things from the first,” &e.

mapaxoAovOetvy (which is also found in 1 Tim. iv. 6, 2 Tim. iii. 10) was much used by the medical writers, both in connexion with sickness and in the sense it bears in this passage. Hipp. Praedic. 70: kapware év obéor kal Tapaywoect mapaxo\ov§ovca xaxov. Hipp. Epid. 1207: ra 6 yoAwdea wapynxoAov0a. Hipp. Epid. 1210: aAynua mapynKkoAov8e. Hipp. Epid. 1211: zapyxcod\ob0nce d& 76 aoOua. Dioscor. De Ven. 2: wévoe mepi 76 ordpua mapaxoAovBet. Galen. Comm. iii. 4, Morb. Acut (xv. 740): 7a wapaxoAovBovvra toic kavoorc. Galen. Anat. Administr. iii. 4 (ii. 371): ovc avarguvwv wapaxoAovOhoee Toi¢ vebpore.

Galen uses it also of paying close attention to a subject, and joined at times with axptBoc, as here. Galen. Progn. ii. 54 (xvii. B. 190): év otc ypi tpoyeyupvacba tov Bovdd- pevov axpi@¢o mapaxoAovbijca rtoic vp ‘ImmoKxparouc cionuévorc. Galen. Theriac. ad Pison. 2 (xiv. 216): xai akpt3@c EavToU Oia THY obVEGLY TH CUYKPaoEL TOV GWmaTOE mapakoAov0joavra. Galen. Comm. iii. 92, Artic. (xvii. A. 613): mapaxoAotMnoov 8 roic epetnng sipnuévorc. Galen. Comm. iii. 44, Epid. iii. (xvii. A. 698): we dua 76 ju) Taoa- koXovbelv cic Exacyov.

9. “According to the custom of the priest’s office, his lot was to burn incense (Ovsaca) when he went into the temple of the Lord.”’

* Mumav, peculiar to St. Luke, was the medical term for fumigating with herbs, spices, &c. Hipp. Superfoet. 265: Oupny & AwTov gPAoldv, oréppa Oapvne. Hipp. Morb. 470: iy of pn, Th voTEpaly Aovoac Oeoug Ovaraca. Lipp. Nat.

§ ry. ] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 91

Mul. 575: xcida Oupujv Kat rpicnata Awrov—zploparoe kutaplocou UroPa\Awy Oupumv—kurépov pilav, nbpov podwov devoacg Ouuv. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 673: ratra rpidae révra p0oidac TAacdmevov Bunny — 0oidac Totivy Kat emt mupl Oupinv 7) aiyde Képac Katatpicac éXaiw avakuKav émt rrupi Puyv. Hipp. Morb. 483: kai jy éyyéne 7} mupiac 7) Oude ovx duapréee tvov. Dioscor. Mat. Med. 1. 86: EuBpua re Kai debTepa Vorépa Dumabeic exjSadAc. Galen. Remed. Parab. il. (xiv. 504): mpdzodic Oupuwuévn—cat repeBivPivyn Ovpcwpéry i} apoevikov oyiorov peta yYadAPBavnc Ovuwpévync. Galen. Remed. Parab. iii. (xiv. 537): pedtavfiov cat ydadAxarOov Oupiacov.

24. “And after those days his wife Elisabeth conceived” (ouvédaPev).

The number of words referring to pregnancy, barrenness, &c., used by St. Luke is almost as large as that used by Hippocrates. Besides * ovAAau Pave, he employs * cvAAauBaverv év yaorpt Gi. 81: ‘And, behold, thou shalt conceive in thy womb,” avrAnby év yaorpi); ev yaorpt Exerv (Luke, xxi. 23: “ But woe unto them that are with child,” rate év yaorpi éyovcatc) ; *tykvoc (Luke, ii. 5: “ Mary his espoused wife, being great with child,” ovoy zyxbw); *orcipa (Luke, i. 7: “Because Elisabeth was barren,” jv oretipa); * arexvoc (Luke, xx. 28: ** And he die without children,” arexvoc); and all of them, with the exception of év yaorpi Eyeuv, are peculiar to himself.

* ov\\auPaver is used in St. James, i. 15, also, but in a metaphorical sense. Hipp. Praedic. 107: 76 te coma wee diaketrar 4) yuri), Kav po) GvAAauBavy. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 597: jv & wy EvAABy. Hipp. Aphoron. 597: fv uA ze airtov ado 7 EvAXAauPavovor. Hipp. Aphoron. 676: av & apa kai EvAAaBwov. Dioscorides, Medic. Parab. 93: guddo- sew To ovAAnpbév. Dioscor. Medic. Parab. 95: zpd¢ 76 wih ovAAauBavev. Galen. Comm. iii. 35, Hpid. i. (xvii. A. 453): éudrt yuvatkeg ov ovAXaufavovor. Galen. Uter. Dissec. 10 (Gi. 902): éxdérav % yuri cvdAAHWecIa péX\An. Do. (903): od«

av svAXaPor H yuri.

92 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART II.

* sudAXNauBavev év yaorpt. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 621: doze EvAAaPciv gv yaorpt. Hipp. Aphoron. 675: rot pn ovAXap- Bavew év yaorpi. Hipp. Aphoron. 1274: éxdoor rapa ptow mayeia éovoa pn EvdAAauPavovor év yaorpi. Hipp. Octo- mestr. Par. 259: gv yaoret AaBovoa. Galen. San. Tuend. i. 9 (vi. 46): Kal tivee avTov év yaorpt AauPBavover.

év yaorpi tyev. This is the phrase used by the other N. T. writers as well as by St. Luke. Hipp. Nat. Mul. 563: kat Soxéee év yaorpt Eyew. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 588: dre év yaoret éxovon. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 591: Gore Sonéew & pinvac tye év yaorpi. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 601: ei d& yuna yaorpi txyovea. Galen. Comm. v. 53, Aph. (xvii. B. 845): év yaoTol éxovon yuvat nv eEaipyne ot pacboi isyvot yévwvrat.

*2y«voc. Hipp. Nat. Mul. 584: tyxvov moujoat yuvaixa. Hipp. Aph. 1254: yun tyxvoc ei pév appev KbEl, EVXpovE zZoriv, iv O& OAV Sdcypoveg. Dioscorides, Medic. Parab. u. 78: Kav Ure03y THY piZav Tie KUKAauivou yuvT) EyKVOg éKTL- | Tpwokel, Omolwc Kal THY KaAoULEVHY TOaV OvOopa LaTopovoW OTL yuvn éav vrep[3y EyKvoc 7) yebonrat ExTITPWoKEL. Galen. Uter. Dissec. 2 (11. 889) : péyaloc wodd yap éXa7Tw piv 1 TIC KUNCA- ong pelCwv 62 1) THe éyKbov.

Hipp. Aph. 1254: éxdcor év yaorpt Eyovow—ovddauPa- vouot év yaotpi—yuvn EyKvoc.

Hipp. Praedic. 107: dévacba év yaorpt AapPavev—y 68 yun) év yaotpt Exor—kal py cvAAap Pave Civacba.

Hipp. Aphor. 675: od EvAXanBavovor—p) ovrAAapBavew év yaorpi—ovrw AauPBave év yaorpil.

*oreipa. Hipp. Quae Spect. ad Virgin. 563: ai oretpat padAov ravra tacyovow. Hipp. Morb. Mul. 646: yivera of pdAtoTa THOIY apdpo.ot TAaUTAY Kal oTélpnot.

*arexvoc. Hipp. Superfoet. 262: tyre kal atexvoe éovoa kal On KUicaca govca O& Téxvovoa. Hipp. Nat. Mul. 565: padiata O& &k TabrnG arekvor yivovra. Hipp. Morb. Maul. 638: duairy Ocparebew Tov adTov TpOTOV Kal TEPL TAC aTEKVOUE. Hipp. Aphoron. 677: ijtt¢ Kat ateKvog tovca Kal On KvOVoa

> ~ Nx 2? ~ €ovuoa o: aTEKVOUONd,

ee ee Oe

——

Lv. | THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 93

* Starapacoev. 29. “And when she saw him, she was troubled (duerapaxOn) at his saying.”

*txrapacov. Acts, xvi. 20: “These men, being Jews, do exceedingly trouble (&rapaccovew) our city.”

rapaxoc. Acts, xii. 18: “There was no small stir (rapa- xoce) among the soldiers ;” and Acts, xix. 23.

The word rapayo¢ and its derivatives, rapaxricde, tapayw- One, extapag&ic, ékrapdooey, emitapdooey, CLatapdaoe, ovvTa- paooey, UToTapacoev, Were much used in medical language to express disturbance of body or mind. St. Luke uses three of them, two of which are peculiar to him, rapayoc being once used by St. Mark and once by St. John.

rapaxoc.—Hipp. Coac. Praedic. 151: kat nowWing rapay?. Hipp. De Gland. 272: aXX ci piv daxvoiro tapayov rovAdy loxec Kat 6 vdoc apoovet kal 6 éyKépadoc omara. Hipp. Praedic. 79: fuerocg robrowe cuppépe wal Kowine rapayh. Hipp. Aph. 1259: rovréowcr tapayy ioyupy év T) GWmaTt éortv. Hipp. Aph. 1242: ég& rou rapayjor rij¢ Korine. Aretaeus, Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 47: xowdine tapayoc. Aret. Cur. Acut. Morb. 124: aina yap todkAbv—rapayou 8: yvi- une Kal ata&ing Exxavua. Galen. Comm. ii. 5, Humor. (Xvi. 228): ov cutkpa Tapax?n Kara TO TOV KauvovToc cHma. Galen. Comm. i. 5, Humor. (xvi. 231): of éxricot ruperot ywple re Tapayne meyaAne Kal ovdi dEuppdrove TwowwvvTat TAG pETa[30- Aac. Galen. Comm. vi. 20, Humor. (xvi. 277): 1 Kptowc yiverat TO TOAD pet’ aywvdc TE Kal Tapaxiiec. Galen. Comm. vi. 35, Humor. (xvi. 338): dca xepadijc aywya rapayny TOLEL.

*txrapasoev, peculiar to St. Luke. Hipp. Praedic. 94: cig THY yaotéoa Odbyn Hota Kal ovK éxtapacoera. Hipp. Morb. Acut. 399: kai ai Kola rotor roLovréotoww éxrapac- sovra. Hipp. Morb. Acut. 403: fv é2 éridervfjowor KorAty extapacoera. Hipp. Morb. 493: 1 yaorip éxrapaccerat. Aretaeus, Sign. Morb. Acut. 11: cire kat coring éxrapay Oet- onc. Aret. Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 43: jv KowWin éxrapayO7. Dioscorides, Mat. Med. v. 3: crapvA) 1) piv tpdcparoeg Taca

94 THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. [PART 11.

éxtraodcoe Kowrinv. Galen. Comm. i. 4, Praedic. (xvi. 522): @v éxrapayOcioav ?0eacaro tiv yaorépa. Galen. Comm. iv. 60, Aph. (xvi. B. 240): Abeobai re riv ToLabTyHY KHpwow extapaxOetonce tie yaotpdc. Galen. Synop. De Puls. 22 (ix. 505): 9 ov aioppotoog 7) yaotpoc éxrapayDelone.

*Siatapacoe, peculiar to St. Luke. Hipp. Morb. 460: dcov 0 av év TH KOLAMy Kal év TH KOGTEL eyyévynTae XoOXiC, TO MEV év TH KOLACy éviore mév CLatapdooera Katw. Hipp. Morb. 510: Tepl Ot avVTOV TOY Vdpwra ~oTl Kal TO GAAO Vypdv—iv pévV sic

: P ; . , 5 2 a : THY KoWAiny Cuetapage Thy Kémpov Kal oTpdpov ev TH KOWAty éxoinoe. Hipp. Affect. 5380: amo tov oiriwy kat THY ToTHY kal TOV Opolwy éviore piv Sratapaooera 1% KoiAtn. Galen. Comm. i. 1, HEpid. i. (xvii. A. 3): rv cwpyatwv cupperoiav THY Ovoav Vytelay OlaTagarTel.

36. “Thy cousin Elisabeth, she hath also conceived a son in her old age” (év ynpa avric).

* vijpac, peculiar to St. Luke, was used by the ancient physicians to mark one particular period of human life; it is defined by Galen, Def. Med. 107 (xix. 375): yipac gory HAtkia Kal Hy vropeovrat Kal UToXsizea TO Cov, EAarT- TOvwY év aUTW ylvouévwy TOV Deppov Kal TOV VypoU Kal TAELO- vwv O& év ato ywouévwy Tov Puxpov Kat Tov Enoov. They divided life generally into three periods. Galen. Comm. iii. 31, Epid. ii. (xvii. A. 445): Grav 08 yivovra Barro ra OhAsa TOV appévwv Kal vedTyTAa Kal akunv AauPave Kal yhoac. Galen. Comm. i. 13, Aph. (xvii. B. 402): cabeornxdrac od Ney Tove THY péonv EXOvTAC HALKiaY, akung TE Kal yhowe, we Taveo- Oar piv Hon Ta THE aKEc pnderw of pndeutay alcOnow capi yhowe tyev. Galen. Comm. ui. 11, Aliment. (xv. 295): ciot 62 CradBopal Tov cwparoc Mev durral Kata yévoc—mpw- Tov piv yévoce Oia tHv Enodrynta yivera Kal yiipac KaXcirat. Hipp. Coac. Progn. 201: ravra péxor yijows améXeTal voor- para. Hipp. Rat. Vict. 349: of S& bytatvovtee SuateAgover péxpt yiowe tov éoyarov. Hipp. Intern. Affect. 535: Ewe yhoove mpocéxa. Hipp. Epid. 1184: votoor Evvtpopor év yhpai. Hipp. Aph. 1246: é¢ é 7d yipac. Aretaeus, Sign.

§ xvi] THE MEDICAL LANGUAGE OF ST. LUKE. 95

Morb. Diuturn. 37: Anpnoe apXouévyn aro yhpaoc. Aret. Sign. Morb. Diuturn. 70: aioppayin Evupwvoe ynpa.

42. “And she spake out (avepwvnoe) with a loud voice, and said,” &e.

*avapwrveivy is peculiar to St. Luke, and a word very likely to be used by a physician, as it was a medical term for a certain exercise of the voice called technically avapevyaie. Aretaeus, Cur. Morb. Diuturn. 182: avagwriew yp rotor Bapéor POdyyotcr wadrov ypeduevov d&éor. Aret. Cur. Morb. Diuturn. 147: of trvor vixtwp piv, OC mugone & Teplirarol, avapwryjoc. Aret. Cur. Morb. Diuturn. 150: forw 8? Kai avapwvyote TOU TVEHpaTOS yumVactov 70 Kaipiov. Galen. San. Tuend. v. 10 (vi. 358): yupvaowa of ra te OC OXY TOY YELPOV emitnoevoneva Kal Tac KaouLévac ITO THY pwvacKwV avapw- vioac. Galen. San. Tuend. v. 10 (vi. 359): Gri 2 Kat rac avapwvioee tv weye0e Te kal TH KaT OSbTyTAa Tac TIC pwritc momréoy zoriv. Galen. Meth. Med. iv. 4 (x. 251): éXov rou owmaroc erméAciav TroeioOat, weTasvyKpivovTag avTO Cla yupL- vaciwy TokiAwy Kal aiwpac Kal avapwvijcewc. Galen. Meth. Med. iv. 4 (x. 261): pera rovro ypnorwe avarpépev, avapw- vicewe Te peuvyta. Galen. Meth. Med. iv. 4 (x. 262): rod- TOV O av¥cavTog pNoév, eT TAC Avapwrijcee Kal TAC aiwpicEe kal ta GAAa yuuvacia apigovra. Galen. Meth. Med.