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NOTES ON GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIO

Conservation assessment of five new records for the Orchidaceae
of Colombia

Oscar Perdomo’, Alejandro Zuluaga’, Edwin Trujillo-Trujillo°

1Grupo de Investigacion NUCLEO, Universidad de Boyacd, Tunja, Colombia
2 Herbario Luis Sigifredo Espinal Tascon (CUVC), Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia, Cali, Colombia
3 Laboratorio de Agrobiodiversidad y Malherbologia (LAMUA), Universidad de la Amazonia. Florencia, Caquetd, Colombia

Corresponding author: Oscar Perdomo (oscarperdomobaez@gmail.com)

Abstract. Following the IUCN criteria, we assess the risk of extinction for five orchid species recorded for
the first time from Colombia: Acianthera viridis (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, Dichaea lankesteri Ames, Epidendrum
lavendulum Hagsater, Masdevallia ariasii Luer, and Stenia stenioides (Garay) Dodson & R.Escobar. We
propose a preliminary global Red List categories of Endangered, Least Concern, Endangered, Vulnerable,
and Least Concern, respectively, for these species. The main threats of these orchids are habitat degra-
dation, small and degraded AOO and EOO, and a small number of known populations. The Carafio river
basin, where these species occur in Colombia, is an important site for orchid conservation. Consequently,
strategies are needed to ensure its preservation.

Key words: Andes, Caqueta, Carano, cloud forest, orchids

Perdomo O, Zuluaga A, Trujillo-Trujillo E (2024) Conservation assessment of five new records for the
Orchidaceae of Colombia. Check List 20 (4): 950-961. https://doi.org/10.15560/20.4.950

INTRODUCTION

Colombia harbors high Orchidaceae biodiversity, with more than 4700 species, with 65% of these from the
Andes (Betancur et al. 2015). In the department of Caqueta, which is located between the Andes and the
Amazonia, over 400 orchid species have been recorded, nearly half of them in Florencia (Arias et al. 2023).
But most of the Andean-Amazonian foothill forests remain unexplored, and orchid species are still being
reported for the first time from the country (Perdomo et al. 2020a, 2020b; Rincén-Gonzdlez et al. 2020;
Arias et al. 2023; Rodriguez-S. et al. 2023; Rojas et al. 2023; Cuellar et al. 2024). The conservation status
of orchid species needs to be assessed following the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
categories and criteria (IUCN 2012) and the guidelines for their use (IUCN 2022); Red List assessments are
needed to establish priorities and policies for conservation.

The IUCN Red List of threatened species provides an objective, repeatable, and scientifically sound
assessment of the risk of extinction for species under current circumstances (Miller et al. 2007; IUCN 2012).
It is also the most important database of species at risk of extinction, and its methodology is now widely
adopted and used by conservation biologists, as it provides an easy to understand and apply language
(Omar and Elgamal 2021; Wagensommer et al. 2021; Zizka et al. 2021). Five criteria have been established
by the IUCN that allow for aspects of a taxon to be assessed as threatened (IUCN 2012).

The B criterion evaluates the risk of extinction by considering the geographic range of the taxon, in

OPEN Qaccess combination with the number of populations and the quality of the habitat. Extent of Occurrence (EOO)
uses a minimum convex polygon and the Area of Occupancy (AOO), uses a 2 km? grid that includes each
occurrence to describe geographic range (IUCN 2012).

Aésdemiceditor: RosdelG: Oniz The B criterion is a valuable tool for identifying species at risk of extinction (Le Breton et al. 2019) and

Received: 12 March 2024 has been used to assess the conservation status of Orchidaceae (Leopardi et al. 2012; Millner et al. 2020;
Accepted: 9 July 2024 Perdomo et al. 2020a; Rodriguez-S. et al. 2023) and many other plant families. The known occurrences
Published: 2 August 2024 of the taxon are required to use B criterion and can be obtained from fieldwork, online databases, and

herbaria. In the case of the decline, fragmentation, and fluctuations of the habitat, AOO and EOO can be
estimated based on ongoing deforestation or can be calculated from deforestation data available on the
Copyright © The authors. This is an open-access Wa, a helpful approach for plant species. For epiphytic Orchidaceae dependent on phorophytes, the
article distributed under terms of the Creative . , .
Commons Attribution License (Attribution 4.0 deforested areas represent the degradation and loss of their habitat and can be calculated and used to

International — CC BY 4.0) support the categorization.

950

Perdomo etal. - New records for the Orchidaceae of Colombia 951

Figure 1. Extent of Occurrence (EOO;
greentriangle) of Acianthera viridis,
estimated from the records in Ecuador
(blue points) and the new record from
Colombia (red point), showing forest cover
loss from 2001 to 2022 (white areas within
the EOO).

In this contribution we report five epiphytic orchid species for the first time from Colombia and use
information of forest-cover loss to assess their conservation status and support their assignment into the
threatened categories according to the B criterion of the IUCN.

METHODS

We carried out multiple botanical expeditions on the Carafio river basin, which is located in the eastern
slopes of the Andes, Department of Caqueta, Colombia (Figure 1). We collected samples from the orchid
species for herbarium vouchers, photographed living plants, and recorded geographic coordinates. We
used taxonomic keys and species descriptions (Luer 1985, 1996; Pupulin 2007a, 2007b; Hagsater 2020) to
identify the orchid species, and their identity was confirmed by the specialist in each group. Vouchers were
deposited at Herbario Luis Sigifredo Espinal Tascén (CUVC); the herbarium acronym follows Thiers (2024).

To verify the known occurrences outside Colombia and confirm the new records for the country, we
retrieved records and locations for each species from the web: Global Biodiversity Information Facility GBIF
(https://www.gbif.org), Tropicos (Tropicos.org 2023), and SpeciesLink (https://specieslink.net); the Catalogo
de Plantas y Liquenes de Colombia (http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co/es/), and Herbario
Amazonico Colombiano Dairon Cardenas Lopez (COAH; https://www.sinchi.org.co/coah), published infor-
mation recovered from Google Scholar, and the Plan for the Study and Conservation of Orchids in Colombia
(Betancur et al. 2015).

We used criterion B of the IUCN categories and criteria version 3.1 (IUCN 2012) to assess the risk of
extinction for each species. First, we employed the package “Conk” (Dauby et al. 2017) in RStudio (RStudio
Team 2021) to calculate the AOO and the EOO for each species using all Known occurrences obtained
from the web and our newly generated records. Second, we used the packages “raster” (Hijmans 2021),
“sf” (Pebesma 2018), “dplyr” (Wickham et al. 2021) “rgeos” (Bivand et al. 2020), and “tibb/e” (Miller and
Wickham 2021) to calculate the area of the EOO for Colombia (Figure 1). Third, we used the Global Forest
Change dataset (Hansen et al. 2013) to calculate the deforestation from 2001 to 2022 in the EOO and the
AOO for each species and used it as a proxy for habitat conservation. Additionally, we calculated deforesta-
tion in the Carano river basin and habitat of the species in Colombia to evaluate its degradation.

Threatened categories for the five species are preliminary assigned based on the EOO (sub-criteria B1)
and AOO (sub criteria B2), using the number of recorded locations and habitat fragmentation (qualifier a),
and the forest cover loss in the AOO and EOO (qualifier b).

RESULTS

We recorded for the first time from Colombia five orchid species: Acianthera viridis (Luer & Hirtz) Luer (Fig-
ure 2A), Dichaea lankesteri Ames (Figure 2B), Epidendrum lavendulum Hagsater (Figure 2C), Masdevallia
ariasii Luer (Figure 2D), and Stenia stenioides (Garay) Dodson & R. Escobar (Figure 2E).

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oS
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oe)
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Perdomo etal. - New records for the Orchidaceae of Colombia 952

Figure 2. Flowers of five orchid species
newly recorded from the Carafio river
basin, Florencia, Caqueta, Colombia.

A. Acianthera viridis. B. Dichaea
lankesteri. C. Epidendrum lavendulum. D.
Masdevallia ariasii. E. Stenia stenioides.
Scale bars =1 cm.

Acianthera viridis (Luer & Hirtz) Luer, Lindleyana 11(3): 194-195. 1996.
Figure 2A

Known record. ECUADOR — MORONA-SANTIAGO « 1000 m elev. 20.1.1989; C. Luer et al.; MO4173.

New record. COLOMBIA — CAQUETA « Municipio de Florencia, vereda El Carafio, cuenca hidrografica
del Rio Carafho, camino Real; 01°4414’N, 075°40’35"W; 1330 m elev.; 15.1V.2021; O. Perdomo et al. leg.;
CUVC77338.

Global distribution. This species was previously known only from Ecuador. One record from Colombia was
found in GBIF, but the identification is incorrect. In addition, this species was not cited in the catalogue of
Plurothallidinae of Colombia (Karremans et al. 2023). The population we found in Colombia is 605 km to
the north and 408 km to the northwest of the known populations in the eastern and western slopes of the
Ecuadorian Andes (Figure 1).

Conservation status. Although this species is known from only one population in Colombia, it is also
known from another country, and we expect the existence of more populations within the EOO. We propose
Ecuador and one in Colombia), the small EOO (58,832 km’), ongoing deforestation within the AOO (6%

of forest-cover loss), and the loss of 9.14% of EOO forest cover in the last two decades. For Colombia, we
only four individuals detected during our expeditions, the small and degraded AOO, and the deforestation
of 23.4% of the EOO from 2001 to 2022 (Table 1, Figure 4B).

Description. Epiphytic, caespitose, up to 20 cm in size, green ramicauls, up to 10, slender and erects, 15
cm long x 0.25 cm in diameter, enclosed by a tubular bract in the lower fourth, plus 1 or 2 at the base, leaf
blade 12 x 5.2 cm, elliptical-ovate, cordate at the base. Inflorescence 4.5 cm long, subcongested, arising
through a spathe at the base of the leaf, oblique floral bract. Flower 1.5 cm, ovary 0.5 x 0.15 cm in diameter,
dorsal sepal 0.9 x 0.2 cm pale green with 3 longitudinal dark purple lines at the base, lateral sepals fused
0.5 x 0.7 cm pale green with dark purple at the base, petals 0.3 x 0.15 cm pale green with 3 longitudinal
brownish lines and serrate margin, labellum 0.4 = 0.2 cm with serrate margin, column 0.3 x 0.1. cm pale
green.

Identification. Acianthera viridis is similar to Acianthera ciliata (Knowles & Westc.) F.Barros & L.R.S.Guim.
from which it differs by the inflorescence which are shorter than the leaf (vs. longer than the leaf), pale
green sepals (vs. yellow-orange), pale green synsepal with dark purple at the base (vs. yellow with red-
brown below the middle), and dark purple lip (vs. red brown).

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Perdomo etal. - New records for the Orchidaceae of Colombia 953

Table 1. Extent of Occurrence (EOO) and Area of Occupancy (AOO), both in Colombia and globally, along with deforestation, and IUCN Red List categories for the five
orchid species reported for the first time from Colombia.

Acianthera viridis Dichaea lankesteri Epidcadigm Masdevallia ariasii Stenia stenioides
lavendulum
EOO (km?) 58832 93219.71 6478 97737.0 —
EOO deforested (km?) 5375.54 6530.33 1231.38 4490.94 —
EOO deforested (%) 9.14 7.04 19.01 4.59 —
AOO (km?) 12 68 16 12 8
Colombian EOO (km?) 12194 4036 2260 5566.7 70
Colombian EOO deforested (km?) 2853.54 17429 65212 1169.3 1.88
Colombian EOO deforested (%) 23.40 4.31 28.86 21.0 2.69
Colombian AOO (km?) 4 4 4 4 4
Global IUCN criteria B2abiii,iii) — B2abiii,iii) B2abiii, iii) —
Global Red List category EN LC EN VU LC
Colombian IUCN criteria B2abiii,iii) B2abiii,iii) B2abiii,iii) B1+2abiii,iii) =
Colombian Red List category CR CR EN EN LC

Dichaea lankesteri Ames, Schedulae Orchidianae 4: 56-57. 1923.
Figure 2B

Known record. COSTA RICA — SAN JOSE « Cascajal, C. H. Lankester; AMES 24096.

New record. COLOMBIA — CAQUETA « Municipio de Florencia, finca Las Brisas vereda El Carafio, Cuenca
hidrografica del Rio Carafio; 01°44'14”N, 075°40'35”W; 1100 m elev.; 15.1V.2020; O. Perdomo et al. leg.;
CUVC 77339.

Global distribution. Previously known from Costa Rica, Belize, and Panama (Pupulin 2007b), this is the first
record of the species from South America, 1055 km to the south-east of the Panamanian population (Figure 3A).

Conservation status. We propose Least Concern for D. /ankesteri at globally because the EOO is large
(93219 km?) across four countries. Where occurrences are known, only 7.0% of the EOO has been defor-
ested from 2001 to 2022, 21 populations have been recorded to date, and the AOO is 68 km’. For Colombia
AOO has lost 1.5% of its forest cover since 2001, and the EOO (4036 km’) has lost 4.31% of its forest in the
same period (Table 1, Figure 4B), in addition to the ongoing deforestation in the Carano river basin, where
this species inhabits.

Description. Epiphytic, caespitose, horizontal to arching-pendent, densely clumped, ramicauls up to 17 cm,
complanate, enclosed by the leaf base. Leaves green, distichous, decurved, linear, leaf blade up to 2 x 0.3
cm. Flower solitary, axillary, shortly pedicellate, dorsal sepal 0.9 x 0.4 cm, lateral sepals 0.8 = 0.3 cm, petals
0.7 x 0.2 cm, labellum 0.6 x 0.5 cm. white, 3-lobed, lateral lobes linear and sharp-curved, central lobe with
apiculate apex, column 0.3 x 0.1.cm, ovary abbreviated, muricate.

Identification. Dichaea lankesteri is similar to D. graminoides, from which it differs by the long lateral
lobes of the lip (vs. shorter). It is also morphologically similar to D. glauca differing by the short tip of the
central lobe of the lip (vs. longer).

Epidendrum lavendulum Hagsater, |cones Orchidacearum 17(2): 48-49. 2020.
Figure 2C

Type. ECUADOR — NAPO « Canton Archidona, Carretera Archidona-Baeza hacia Francisco de Orellana, Torre
de Transmision eléctrica en filo de la montafia; 1308 m elev., 2.X1.2017; Eric Hagsater & Marcos M. Jiménez
Leon 15351; QCNE.

New record. COLOMBIA — CAQUETA « Municipio de Florencia. finca Las Brisas, vereda El Carafio;
01°4414"N, 075°40'35’W; 1117 m elev.; 20.1I.2021; O. Perdomo et al. leg.; CUVC 77341.

Global distribution. This recently described species was considered endemic to the eastern slope of the
Volcan Sumaco and foothills of the eastern Andes of Ecuador over 1300 m (Hagsater, 2020). We found a
single population at 1117 m (asl), in the eastern slopes of the Colombian Andes, 334 km to the northeast of
the Ecuadorean populations (Figure 3C).

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Perdomo etal. - New records for the Orchidaceae of Colombia 954

Figure 3. Distribution of known (blue
points) and newly reported Colombian
locations (red points), including the
Extension of Occurrence (EOO; green
triangle) and the areas of deforestation.
A. Dichaea lankesteri. B. Epidendrum
lavendulum. C. Masdevallia ariasii. D.
Stenia stenioides. E. Location of the
Carano river basin and deforestation from
2001 to 2022 (white areas).

i

Atlantic Ocean

Costa Rica*

Pacific Ocean

air i
Colon ¢ <

Colombia

Pacific Ocean (>=

Pacific Ocean

- Carano River
Basin

Elevation
m asl

|_| 7.000

based on its small EOO (6,478 km’), small number of populations (only four), a degraded AOO of 16 km’,
and 19% deforestation of the EOO in the last two decades. For Colombia, we assess the species as Critically
Endangered because it is known from a single population with 15 individuals, forest cover in the AOO has
undergone a 3.5% loss in the last two decades, the EOO is less than 5000 km? with more than 28% of the
forest lost from 2001 to 2022 (Table 1, Figure 4C), and the continuous habitat degradation in the Carano
river basin. This species was previously categorized as Data Deficient in Ecuador (Hagsater 2020).

Description. Epiphytic, sympodial, caespitose, up to 1m tall. Stems 27, cane like, 0.5 cm in diameter, com-
pressed, covered by foliar sheats. Roots up to 3 mm in diameter, white, fleshy. Leaves green, distichous,
coriaceous, up to 12 x 3 cm, lanceolate-oblong, apex rounded, margin entire. Inflorescence racemose, up
to 35 cm long, peduncle 20 cm with bracts, rachis 15 cm long. Flowers 22, lilac, successive, open at time,
non-resupinated, ovary up to 3.5 cm, sepals 1.2 x 0.4 cm, narrowly obovate, apex rounded, petals 1 x 0.3
cm, linear-lanceolate, margin entire. Lip 1.2 x 1cm, 3-lobed, margin fimbriate, lateral lobes 0.4 x 0.5 cm, mid
lobe 0.5 x 0.6 cm. Column 1 cm long with two wings.

Identification. Foidendrum lavendulum closest relative is FE. vinosum Schltr., from which it differs by the
laxly flowered inflorescence (vs. more compact inflorescence), lilac flowers (vs. salmon coloured), and mid-
lobe of the lip flabelliform and fimbriate (vs. oblong and entire).

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Masdevallia ariasii Luer, Phytologia 57: 60. 1985
Figure 2C

Known record. PERU — SAN MARTIN « epiphytic in the forest between Tarapoto and Moyobamba; 1000
m elev., V.1982, M. Arias A-142, flowered in cultivation by W. & H. Koeniger in Muenchen, West Germany,
8.VII11984, C. Luer; MO 10397.

New record. COLOMBIA — CAQUETA « Municipio de Florencia, vereda El Carafio, cuenca hidrografica del
Rio Carafio, Camino Real, cerca al ramal para la finca de Don Miguel Trujillo; 01°44'14”N, 075°40’35"W; 923
m elev., 14.1.2021; O. Perdomo et al. leg.; CUVC 77342.

Global distribution. This species was previously known from Ecuador and Peru. The population we report
here extends the distribution 520 km to the northeast of the Ecuadorean populations (Figure 3C).

populations reported to date, a small AOO (12 km?) degraded by 9% deforestation, which also has affected
4.6% of the EOO (97737 km?) in the last two decades. For Colombia, we propose Endangered due to the
small EOO (5556 km’), with only one known population, and an AOO of 4 km?. Deforestation in the EOO in
this country from 2001 to 2022 was 21%, and 2.7% in the river basin where we found the species, a notable
habitat degradation for these epiphytic plants (Table 1, Figure 4D).

Description. Epiphytic, caespitose, 7 cm tall. Roots slender. Ramicaul 1 cm long, slender, erect, blackish.
Leaves green, oblong rounded, erects, coriaceous, up to 4.0 x 3.0 cm. Single flowered, peduncle 4 cm
long, suberect, slender, bract near the base. Floral bract tubular, pedicel 1 cm, ovary 0.8 cm, sepals pale
yellow, microscopically pubescent internally, obovate, abruptly contracted into a slender, reflexed yel-
low-green tail of 2.2 cm long. Petals yellow-white, oblong, 0.4 x 0.15 cm, apex truncate-retuse. Lip cream,
oblong-elliptical, 0.4 x 0.2 cm, with lateral wings and purple dots. Column 0.4 cm long, white. Capsule not
seen.

Identification. Vasdevallia ariasii is similar to M. pteroglossa Schitr., from which it differs by the oblong
leaves (vs. elliptical), suborbicular flower and broader dorsal sepal (vs. narrow), and the lack of lateral wings
in the lip.

Stenia stenioides (Garay) Dodson & R. Escobar, Botanical Museum Leaflets, 26(1): 26-27. 1978.
Figure2E

Known record. ECUADOR — PASTAZA « at confluence of Rio Verde and Rio Pastaza, Stacy s.n.; AMES.

New record. COLOMBIA — CAQUETA « Municipio de Florencia, vereda El Carafio, cuenca hidrografica del
Rio Carafio, Camino Real, cerca al ramal para la finca de Don Miguel Trujillo; 01°4414’N, 075°40'35’W; 923
m elev., 18.X1I.2020; O. Perdomo et al. leg.; CUVC 77344.

Global distribution. This species was only known from the type locality in Ecuador. The population we
found in Colombia is 446 km to the northwest of that locality (Figure 3D). According to Pupulin (2007a), the
illustrations of S. stenioides published by Dodson and Dodson (1984) and Bennet and Christenson (1994)
depicting a plant from Zamora-Chinchipe do not correspond with the original description of Chondrorhyn-
cha stenioides (Garay 1978). Consequently, this species is known only the type locality and the locality
reported here.

Conservation status. We assessed the Red List category of S. stenioides using the known populations and
the habitat quality of its AOO (4 km’) where 3.9% of the forest cover has been lost in the last two decades.
We could not calculate the EOO because the projection of the polygon requires at least three known points
of occurrence. Although this species is known from only one population in Colombia and one in Ecuador,
more populations in the Andean-Amazonian foothills of these countries are expected. The main threat for
this species is deforestation of its habitat, which caused the loss of nearly 4% of the AOO since 2001. Thus,
we propose that the species is globally of Least Concern. For Colombia, we also propose Least Concern;
although there is a single population known to date, deforestation in the AOO and forest-cover loss in the
Carano river basin reached only 2.7% in the last two decades (Table 1, Figure 4E).

Description. Epiphytic, caespitose, 10 cm tall. Roots terete, thick, flexuous, born in the short rhizome.
Stem abbreviated, enclosed by 5 imbricating sheaths. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate, distichous, 2.5 x 9.0 cm,
conduplicate petiole to 2.5 cm long, yellow-green. Single flowered inflorescence, lateral, peduncle 1 cm
long, ovary 1x 0.3 cm, costate, glabrous; dorsal sepal 2.0 x 1.5 cm, yellowish cream, concave-cucullate,
lateral sepals 2.3 x 0.9 cm, ovate-elliptic, same color, petals oblanceolate-obovate, 1.9 x 1.2 cm, lip indis-
tinctly 3-lobed, strongly concave-saccate, subglobose, cordiform, 1.5 x 0.8 cm, lateral lobes subquadrates,
midlobe triangular-ligulate, strongly concave, column 0.9 cm, cylindrical.

Identification. The closest morphological relative is S. dodsoniana Pupulin in sharing the deeply con-
cave-cymbiform dorsal sepal, strongly reclinate over the column and the shape of the pollinarium, but

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Perdomo etal. - New records for the Orchidaceae of Colombia

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Figure 4. Yearly deforestation from 2001 to 2022 in the Extent of Occurrence (EQO) of the newly recorded orchid species and Carafio River watershed. A.
Acianthera viridis. B. Dichaea lankesteri. C. Epidendrum lavendulum. D. Masdevallia ariasii. E. Carafio River watershed. In A—D, black bars represent deforestation

in Colombia EOO, gray bars in the total EOO.

Check List 20 (4) -

S. stenioides differs in the yellowish cream color of the perianth (vs whitish cream in S. dodsoniana), the
ovate-elliptic lateral sepals (vs. elliptic), the cordiform lip (vs. subrectangular). Other species of Stenia that
occur in Colombia are S. pallida Lindl. (Putumayo and Caqueta) with whitish yellow perianth (vs. yellowish
cream in S. stenioides), and S. uribei P.Ortiz (Narino) with a lip of different size and shape.

DISCUSSION

The five species we report here for the first time from Colombia increase the knowledge of the biodiver-
sity in the Carano river basin, the Caquetd department, and the Colombian Andes. Recently, Myoxanthus
xiphion Luer, E. porphyreonocturnum Hagsater & R. Jiménez, and Sievekingi hirtzii Waldvogel were
reported from this river basin, and six other species were reported from the Andean-Amazonian foothills
of Colombia (Perdomo et al. 2020a, 2020b; Rincén-Gonzalez et al. 2020; Rojas et al. 2023; Cuellar et al.
2024). All these records, including those presented here highlight the need for additional exploration and
study of the plant diversity of this area and the importance of preserving the forest habitat. We draw the
attention to the importance of this river basin and its unexplored forests for the conservation of orchids and
the plant diversity of the Caqueta Department.

All the sites with information about deforestation and species occurrence help us improve the recovery
of records, confirm the new occurrences, estimate the deforestation of AOO and EOO, and assess IUCN

https://doi.org/10.15560/20.4.950

Perdomo etal. - New records for the Orchidaceae of Colombia 957

Red List categories. Data from GBIF, SpeciesLink, and Tropicos has been previously used for this purpose,
showing good results for the categorization of plant species using the B criterion (Ramirez-Villegas et al.
2012; Fernandes-Junior et al. 2020; Lavor et al. 2020; Pérez-Sarabia et al. 2020; Robiansyah and Wardani
2020). For this paper we revised the digitized vouchers from the websites of the herbaria COL and COAH, a
source of local information for Colombia and the Colombian Amazonia, respectively. The digitization of her-
baria collections is an efficient tool that facilitates access to data, improves the development of new kinds
of research in plant taxonomy, provides data for researchers and conservation policy makers (Soltis 2017;
Vissers et al. 2017; Besnard et al. 2018), and contributes to the advancement of conservation assessments.

All the orchid species reported here are epiphytic, and consequently they dependent on the presence
of phorophyte trees for development and recruitment. Therefore, the species and age composition of
the forests is a important for their conservation, especially considering current changes in land use and
climate (Koster et al. 2011; Rasmussen and Rasmussen 2018). Furthermore, orchids are highly vulnerable to
deforestation and resulting changes in habitat quality and habitat fragmentation (Koster et al. 2009; Kromer
et al. 2014; Alzate-Q et al. 2019). Thus, we used deforestation of the EOO, a significant threat for orchids, as
an important measure in assessing the conservation status of each species (Gradstein and Acebey 2007;
Teoh 2019) and support for the qualifiers of the B criterion. As a result, we obtained an adequate and robust
categorization for the species assessed, using information available on the web and the IUCN categories
and criteria (IUCN 2012, 2022).

To estimate the deforestation of the EOO for each country with occurrences, we used the raster maps
from the Global Forest Change webpage, which is freely available on the web. It allows for a better com-
prehension of the conservation state of the EOO and AOO, and the categorization of the risk of extinction
for the orchids we reported here, but it may be used for other epiphytic species. This dataset was success-
fully used for quantification of agricultural expansion into forests (Pendrill and Persson 2017), evaluation
of the effects of forest cover loss on biodiversity in intact landscapes (Betts et al. 2017), identification of
economically important forest types (Filewod and Kant 2021), and the study of the deforestation in Colom-
bian protected areas (Clerici et al. 2020), which demonstrates this data set’s value, accuracy, and utility in
diverse research fields.

Using the B criterion allows us to employ the number of known populations and informationon defor-
estation to assess the five species studied here (Mace et al. 2008; IUCN 2022). Although use of criterion B
has been criticized in some cases (Abeli et al. 2009; Brooks et al. 2019), when appropriately applied and
supported by environmental and population information, the results can be useful to guide conservation
strategies and policies (Collen et al. 2016; Tsiftsis et al. 2019; Barahona-Segovia et al. 2021).

We assessed the forest-cover loss of the Carano river basin, where we found all five species reported
here. Although 88% of this area is protected under Colombian environmental law, it has been continuously
deforested, and the uncontrolled advance of the colonization frontier in this river basin and the construction
of a road that crosses the basin may lead to the loss of the hydric productivity, the forests, biodiversity,
and other environmental services provided by the river (Etter et al. 2006; Hoffmann et al. 2018; Bivand et
al. 2020). The relatively large number of Critically Endangered orchid species in the Carafio river basin
indicates this basin as a site of interest for the conservation of orchids in Colombia, with richness and rarity
similar to municipalities like El Tambo (Cauca), San Francisco (Putumayo), and Charala (Santander), which
are areas of importance for the conservation of orchids (Alba-Patino et al. 2021). Hence, the Carafio river
basin needs additional government policies and strategies to protect its forest, enhance biodiversity knowl-
edge, and generate economic alternatives for the farmers and other inhabitants based on the protection
and rational use of the biodiversity, especially orchids.

We assessed each species using IUCN categories, subcriteria, and qualifiers, as shown in Table 1. We
found that species met criteria in different threat categories; in such cases, we assigned the category that
best reflected the conditions of the species and its habitat. Of the five species studied here, at the global
level, two species were categorized as Least Concern, two as Endangered, and one as Vulnerable. In con-
trast, for Colombia we categorized two species as Critically Endangered, two as Endangered, and one as
Least Concern because there is a single population known for each one, reduced area and deforestation of
AOO and EOO, and the continuing decline in the forest cover of the Carafio river basin, which is the habitat
for all these species.

At the global level, the AOO varies from 8 to 68 km?, four species had an AOO equal to or less than 16
km?. The smallest AOO was 8 km? for S. stenioides, which has only two records. The largest AOO was 68
km? for D. lankesteri, which has 21 populations known. The loss of forest cover from 2001 to 2022 in these
species’ EOO varies from 6478 km? for E. Javendulum, with only three populations known in two countries,
to 93,219 km? for D. lankesteri, with 21 populations in four countries (Table 1).

In conclusion, the cloud forests of the Carafio river basin harbor a high diversity of Orchidaceae, and
this basin can be considered important for the conservation of orchids. These forests need policies and
strategies for the protection and preservation of these plants, based on the promotion of rational use and
the development of local economy via ecotourism, research, and biocommerce, premises that applies
for all the eastern slopes of the Andes and the adjacent Andean-Amazonian foothills. For the five orchid
species we proposed the categorization, the major conservation threats are the loss of their habitat due

Check List 20 (4) - https://doi.org/10.15560/20.4.950

Perdomo etal. - New records for the Orchidaceae of Colombia 958

to deforestation, the few known populations, and the lack of local conservation strategies. The method-
ology we used here may be employed to assign the category of risk of extinction for any plant, based
on the known occurrence localities and the deforestation in the EOO, obtaining adequate and robust
categorizations.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We acknowledge to Dr. Franco Pupulin, Dr. Adam Karremans and Ing. Eric Hagsater for the confirmation of
the species identity. We also acknowledge Mrs. Luz Marfa Mazo, Mr. Isauro Trujillo, and their family for the
support in the fieldwork and the conservation of the cloud forest of their farm, the habitat of some species
reported here. We give special thanks to the students Alejandro Lizcano and Jose Albeiro Rojas, and the
laboratory assistant Cesar Nufez for their support in the fieldwork.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Conflict of interest
The authors declare that no competing interests exist.

Ethical statement
No ethical statement is reported.

Funding

This study was financially supported by Universidad de la Amazonia (Project: Estrategia para el cono-
cimiento, estudio y conservacion de la orquideoflora del piedemonte Andino-Amazonico del Departamento
de Caquetd. Process: Conv. 2021-051).

Author contributions

Conceptualization: OP, AZ, ETT. Data curation: AZ, ETT. Formal analysis: OP. Funding acquisition: ETT. Inves-
tigation: OP, AZ, ETT. Methodology: OP. Resources: OP, AZ, ETT. Supervision: AZ. Writing — original draft: OP.
Writing — review and editing: OP, AZ, ETT.

Author ORCID iDs

Oscar Perdomo ® hittps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1260-1965
Alejandro Zuluaga © https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5874-6353
Edwin Trujillo-Trujillo © https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5601-540X

Data availability
All data that support the findings of this study are available in the main text.

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